{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:10:39Z","timestamp":1789132239498,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SERA\u2014Speech Emotion Recognition for Health","award":["93873985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93873985"]}]},{"name":"Regional Programme Puglia","award":["B89J24003890007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B89J24003890007"]}]},{"award":["B89J24003890007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B89J24003890007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039k11f95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Voice-based digital biomarkers have emerged as a promising, non-invasive approach for the early detection and monitoring of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Although voice recordings can be acquired easily using mobile health technologies, their integration into routine clinical practice remains limited due to challenges related to model interpretability and clinical validation. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic potential of voice recordings acquired through the TALIA smartphone and web-based platform and to improve model transparency using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques. Methods: Voice recordings from participants with PD and control group (CG) were acquired over a six-month period using the TALIA digital-health platform at Vito Fazzi Hospital in Lecce, Italy. The data were evaluated cross-sectionally at the recording level. Sustained vowel (\/a\/) phonations were preprocessed and transformed into spectrogram images. A transfer-learning framework based on the pre-trained VGGish convolutional neural network (VGGish-CNN) was developed to classify PD and CG voice recordings. To enhance interpretability, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods, including Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) and Occlusion Sensitivity, were integrated to identify the spectro-temporal regions contributing most strongly to model predictions. Results: The proposed VGGish-CNN framework demonstrated excellent classification performance in distinguishing PD from CG. The model achieved an accuracy of 0.93, precision of 0.91, recall of 0.95, F1-score of 0.93, loss of 0.16, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.987. XAI analyses provided qualitative, sample-specific visualizations of the spectro-temporal regions contributing to individual model predictions, thereby improving the transparency and interpretability of the deep-learning model. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that a transfer-learning approach based on VGGish-CNN could achieve promising recording-level classification performance in distinguishing voice recordings from participants with PD and CG within this pilot dataset. Furthermore, XAI techniques provide qualitative insight into the model\u2019s decision-making process. These preliminary findings support further investigation of voice-based approaches for PD screening in larger cohorts using participant-level and external validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13091058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:24:33Z","timestamp":1789129473000},"page":"1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Pilot Study of VGGish-CNN as a Model for the Classification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease from a Control Group Using Speech Impairment, Integrated with Explainable Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physics \u201dE. De Giorgi\u201d, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Syed Adil Hussain","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolitoBioMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development (R&D), GPI SpA, 38123 Trento, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1042-8911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Buccoliero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development (R&D), GPI SpA, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Human Science Department, University \u00e0 Degli Studi di Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 17, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"My","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, 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