{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:07:32Z","timestamp":1789470452896,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incorporation of Digital Twins (DT) into the healthcare industry marks a revolution in terms of adopting a more proactive and personalized approach towards patient care. The increasing complexity of technological tools employed within the healthcare environment leads to assessing the potential impacts of these digital models in collaboration with AI and IoT for increased efficiency and improved results. In this context, this study offers a systematic review of existing research regarding DTs in the field of healthcare, with specific consideration of hospital applications. An extensive literature search was performed within the Scopus database for peer-reviewed publications during the period from 2021 to 2026. Following a demanding screening process, 70 relevant articles were found that fulfilled the selection criteria. The review shows an emerging trend towards the application of AI-based Digital Twins in the real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance of medical devices, and planning surgeries. The paper analyses several key characteristics of healthcare DTs, including their design and architecture, and the benefits they generate. It also presents the challenges related to data integration and ethics surrounding virtual health models and recommendations for future research. In conclusion, this review demonstrates the revolutionary role of AI- and IoT-enabled Digital Twins in the transformation of hospitals\u2019 infrastructures. This paper summarizes the latest developments and gaps in this field and offers a starting point for further research in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13091072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:32:01Z","timestamp":1789468321000},"page":"1072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital Twins for Hospital and Healthcare Operations: A Systematic Review of Resource Allocation, Infection Control, and Workflow Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nesma Abd","family":"El-Mawla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura 35712, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6640-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Program, James C. Bowling School of Business, Midway University, Midway, KY 40347, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1259-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"Elhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu 46411, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Computers Engineering and Control Systems Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital twin: Origin to future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi4020036"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba, L., Tangour, F., El Abbassi, I., and Absi, R. (2025). 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