{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:26Z","timestamp":1792789166243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of RWTH Aachen University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xfq0f34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xfq0f34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Machine-learning gait studies often report high accuracy for separating neurodegenerative diseases, but rarely test whether this reflects pathology or the demographic differences that accompany disease in convenience cohorts. We audited the PhysioNet Gait in Neurodegenerative Disease Database (63 subjects: controls, Parkinson\u2019s disease [PD], Huntington\u2019s disease [HD], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS]), classifying 37 stride-rhythm features under subject-disjoint nested leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. A random forest reached a macro-averaged one-vs-rest AUROC of 0.832 (95% CI 0.759\u20130.904; permutation p = 0.001). Four complementary audits\u2014demographic-only baselines, confound adjustment, feature-family ablation, and age matching\u2014show that this overstates gait-specific discrimination: five anthropometric variables alone reached an AUROC of 0.812, statistically indistinguishable from the gait model (p = 0.701), and the de-confounded gait model (0.755) fell further to 0.585 once age was matched across groups. HD was the exception, essentially unaffected by adjustment (0.812 \u2192 0.804) and carried by variability and long-range-correlation measures. In an independent, age-matched cohort recorded with a different sensor (n = 110, PD versus control only), the same vulnerability reappeared through a different variable: the gait model (0.828) showed no statistically significant difference from walking speed alone (0.746, p = 0.11), while age and anthropometry fell to chance; this cohort contained no HD subjects, so the HD finding remains externally unvalidated. The shortcut vulnerability generalises across cohorts; the demographic variable that drives it does not. Four-class differential diagnosis is not demonstrated on this benchmark; HD gait arrhythmicity is the one signal that withstands internal sensitivity analysis. We recommend that accuracy claims from small, demographically imbalanced gait cohorts be accompanied by this kind of audit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13091092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demographic Shortcuts Account for Most of the Apparent Accuracy of Four-Class Gait-Based Differential Diagnosis in Neurodegenerative Disease: An Interpretability-Driven Audit of Machine Learning on a Public Gait Benchmark"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5107-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5463-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033118","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033118","article-title":"Clinical Neurology and Epidemiology of the Major Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Erkkinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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