{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:43:26Z","timestamp":1780569806415,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The scope of the current research was to assess the feasibility of encapsulating three commercial antifouling compounds, Irgarol 1051, Econea and Zinc pyrithione, in biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles. The emulsification\u2013solvent evaporation technique was herein utilized to manufacture nanoparticles with a biocide:polymer ratio of 40%. The loaded nanoparticles were analyzed for their size and size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and thermal properties, while the relevant physicochemical characteristics were correlated to biocide\u2013polymer system. In addition, the encapsulation process was scaled up and the prepared nanoparticles were dispersed in a water-based antifouling paint in order to examine the viability of incorporating nanoparticles in such coatings. Metallic specimens were coated with the nanoparticles-containing paint and examined regarding surface morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering4040081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T16:14:45Z","timestamp":1506442485000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Aristotelis","family":"Kamtsikakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Kavetsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Chronaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Kiosidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shipbuilding Technology Laboratory, School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Pavlatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Karana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood and Two Pack Coatings, CHROTEX S.A. Hellenic Industry of Paints & Varnishes 19th Km National Road Athens-Corinth, 19300 Aspropyrgos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantine","family":"Papaspyrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8325-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Detsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Karantonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stamatina","family":"Vouyiouka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2003.06.001","article-title":"Antifouling technology\u2014Past, present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings","volume":"50","author":"Yebra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. 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