{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:35:22Z","timestamp":1790836522620,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF 2016R1D1A1B01006658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2016R1D1A1B01006658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2015R1A6A3A04059015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1A6A3A04059015"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["IITP-2019-2011-1-00783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2019-2011-1-00783"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is difficult to fabricate tubular-shaped tissues and organs (e.g., trachea, blood vessel, and esophagus tissue) with traditional biofabrication techniques (e.g., electrospinning, cell-sheet engineering, and mold-casting) because these have complicated multiple processes. In addition, the tubular-shaped tissues and organs have their own design with target-specific mechanical and biological properties. Therefore, the customized geometrical and physiological environment is required as one of the most critical factors for functional tissue regeneration. 3D bioprinting technology has been receiving attention for the fabrication of patient-tailored and complex-shaped free-form architecture with high reproducibility and versatility. Printable biocomposite inks that can facilitate to build tissue constructs with polymeric frameworks and biochemical microenvironmental cues are also being actively developed for the reconstruction of functional tissue. In this review, we delineated the state-of-the-art of 3D bioprinting techniques specifically for tubular tissue and organ regeneration. In addition, this review described biocomposite inks, such as natural and synthetic polymers. Several described engineering approaches using 3D bioprinting techniques and biocomposite inks may offer beneficial characteristics for the physiological mimicry of human tubular tissues and organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering7020032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T13:27:19Z","timestamp":1585661239000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["3D Bioprinting Strategies for the Regeneration of Functional Tubular Tissues and Organs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hun-Jin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoryung","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinah","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea"},{"name":"School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041731416683950","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731416683950","article-title":"Tubular organ epithelialisation","volume":"7","author":"Saksena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Gastro-esophageal isoperistaltic bypass in the palliation of irresectable thoracic esophageal cancer","volume":"82","author":"Alcantara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.03.002","article-title":"Esophageal reconstruction with ECM and muscle tissue in a dog model","volume":"128","author":"Badylak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01131.x","article-title":"How important is the route of reconstruction after esophagectomy: A prospective randomized study","volume":"94","author":"Gawad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.05.001","article-title":"3D bioprinting for lungs and hollow organs","volume":"211","author":"Galliger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.11604","article-title":"Tubular Tissues and Organs of Human Body-Challenges in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"16","author":"Gora","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31819cc3bf","article-title":"Lessons Learned in Pediatric Small Bowel and Liver Transplantation From Living-Related Donors","volume":"87","author":"Gangemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v6.i5.112","article-title":"Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities","volume":"6","author":"Napier","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr003","article-title":"Tissue engineering of human bladder","volume":"97","author":"Atala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","article-title":"3D bioprinting of tissues and organs","volume":"32","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-016-0125-8","article-title":"Current status of three-dimensional printing inks for soft tissue regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4935","article-title":"Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink","volume":"5","author":"Pati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.026","article-title":"3D printed complex tissue construct using stem cell-laden decellularized extracellular matrix bioinks for cardiac repair","volume":"112","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S885","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1439039","article-title":"Development of an omentum-cultured oesophageal scaffold reinforced by a 3D-printed ring: Feasibility of an in vivo bioreactor","volume":"46","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cell Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0277","article-title":"Tissue-Engineered Esophagus via Bioreactor Cultivation for Circumferential Esophageal Reconstruction","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2881","article-title":"Mechanical stimuli enhance simultaneous differentiation into oesophageal cell lineages in a double-layered tubular scaffold","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.09.051","article-title":"Esophageal epithelium regeneration on fibronectin grafted poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLLC) nanofiber scaffold","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2013.1653","article-title":"PCL and PCL-Gelatin Nanofibers as Esophageal Tissue Scaffolds: Optimization, Characterization and Cell-Matrix Interactions","volume":"9","author":"Kuppan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34124","article-title":"A multilayer scaffold design with spatial arrangement of cells to modulate esophageal tissue growth","volume":"107","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"47","article-title":"A completely biological tissue-engineered human blood vessel","volume":"12","author":"Paquet","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.08.031","article-title":"Cell sheet engineering for heart tissue repair","volume":"60","author":"Masuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.03.034","article-title":"Engineering tubular bone using mesenchymal stem cell sheets and coral particles","volume":"433","author":"Geng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2934816","article-title":"A blood vessel model constructed from collagen and cultured vascular cells","volume":"231","author":"Weinberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800186","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800186","article-title":"Tunable Enzymatically Cross-Linked Silk Fibroin Tubular Conduits for Guided Tissue Regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0009","article-title":"Cyclic strain improves strength and function of a collagen-based tissue-engineered vascular media","volume":"16","author":"Schutte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200600242","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering by direct-assembling of collagen and cells in a cylindrical geometry","volume":"7","author":"Boccafoschi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-016-8111-8","article-title":"Current advances in three-dimensional tissue\/organ printing","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00129","article-title":"3D Printed Tissue Models: Present and Future","volume":"2","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2018.08.004","article-title":"3D Bioprinting and its application to organ-on-a-chip","volume":"200","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00691","article-title":"Recent Strategies in Extrusion-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Printing toward Organ Biofabrication","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00643","article-title":"3D Bioprinting of Vessel-like Structures with Multilevel Fluidic Channels","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J. (2017). 3D Bioprinting and In Vitro Cardiovascular Tissue Modeling. Bioengineering, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering4030071"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08501410","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/8\/085014","article-title":"Bioprinting of a mechanically enhanced three-dimensional dual cell-laden construct for osteochondral tissue engineering using a multi-head tissue\/organ building system","volume":"22","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31831","article-title":"Direct-write bioprinting three-dimensional biohybrid systems for future regenerative therapies","volume":"98","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015003","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/1\/1\/015003","article-title":"Precision extruding deposition (PED) fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"1","author":"Shor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.09.031","article-title":"3D printing of hybrid biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: Calcium-polyphosphate microparticles encapsulated by polycaprolactone","volume":"64","author":"Neufurth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-019-0336-8","article-title":"Bioreactor mimicking knee-joint movement for the regeneration of tissue-engineered cartilage","volume":"33","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35871","article-title":"3D printing of PLGA scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"105","author":"Mironov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11546","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA20218C","article-title":"Systemically replicated organic and inorganic bony microenvironment for new bone formation generated by a 3D printing technology","volume":"6","author":"La","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.10.041","article-title":"High-resolution PLA-based composite scaffolds via 3-D printing technology","volume":"9","author":"Serra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.03.051","article-title":"Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA","volume":"123","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-017-3661-9","article-title":"Controllable printing droplets on demand by piezoelectric inkjet: Applications and methods","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.1039\/b807560c","article-title":"Bioprinting: Inkjet printing proteins and hybrid cell-containing materials and structures","volume":"18","author":"Derby","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(99)01355-4","article-title":"Laser-guided direct writing for applications in biotechnology","volume":"17","author":"Odde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, S., Sorg, H., Peck, C.T., Koch, L., Deiwick, A., Chichkov, B., Vogt, P.M., and Reimers, K. (2013). Tissue engineered skin substitutes created by laser-assisted bioprinting form skin-like structures in the dorsal skin fold chamber in mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057741"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032001","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/2\/3\/032001","article-title":"Laser-based direct-write techniques for cell printing","volume":"2","author":"Schiele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb2030119","article-title":"Controlled Positioning of Cells in Biomaterials-Approaches Towards 3D Tissue Printing","volume":"2","author":"Wust","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050","article-title":"A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering","volume":"31","author":"Melchels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045009","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/7\/4\/045009","article-title":"A simple and high-resolution stereolithography-based 3D bioprinting system using visible light crosslinkable bioinks","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.23734","article-title":"Vinyl Esters: Low Cytotoxicity Monomers for the Fabrication of Biocompatible 3D Scaffolds by Lithography Based Additive Manufacturing","volume":"47","author":"Heller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1021\/bm060834v","article-title":"Poly(propylene fumarate) bone tissue engineering scaffold fabrication using stereolithography: Effects of resin formulations and laser parameters","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-010-0221-0","article-title":"Cell encapsulation using biopolymer gels for regenerative medicine","volume":"32","author":"Hunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3390\/polym2040522","article-title":"The Use of Natural Polymers in Tissue Engineering: A Focus on Electrospun Extracellular Matrix Analogues","volume":"2","author":"Sell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.03.012","article-title":"Natural-origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications","volume":"59","author":"Malafaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903055","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201903055","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite-Reinforced Composites","volume":"29","author":"Milazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-3770-7","article-title":"A review on biodegradable polymeric materials for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"44","author":"Sabir","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"H178","article-title":"Omnidirectional Printing of 3D Microvascular Networks","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035013","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/3\/035013","article-title":"Three-dimensional bioprinting of cell-laden constructs with polycaprolactone protective layers for using various thermoplastic polymers","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700798","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700798","article-title":"Tissue Engineered Bio-Blood-Vessels Constructed Using a Tissue-Specific Bioink and 3D Coaxial Cell Printing Technique: A Novel Therapy for Ischemic Disease","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00374-0","article-title":"Collagen\/chitosan porous scaffolds with improved biostability for skin tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2012-0088","article-title":"Bioprinted Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells Accelerate Healing of Large Skin Wounds","volume":"1","author":"Skardal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.1.181","article-title":"The human type I collagen mutation database","volume":"25","author":"Dalgleish","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.073","article-title":"Properties of engineered vascular constructs made from collagen, fibrin, and collagen-fibrin mixtures","volume":"25","author":"Cummings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0900400","article-title":"Application of collagen-chitosan\/fibrin glue asymmetric scaffolds in skin tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm03452e","article-title":"Coaxial structured collagen-alginate scaffolds: Fabrication, physical properties, and biomedical application for skin tissue regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.10.047","article-title":"Probing cellular mechanobiology in three-dimensional culture with collagen-agarose matrices","volume":"31","author":"Ulrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.07.042","article-title":"Fabrication of porous scaffold by ternary combination of chitosan, gelatin, and calcium phosphate for tissue engineering","volume":"80","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.83","article-title":"Generation of three-dimensional hepatocyte\/gelatin structures with rapid prototyping system","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.05.022","article-title":"Biodegradation of bicomponent PCL\/gelatin and PCL\/collagen nanofibers electrospun from alternative solvent system","volume":"130","author":"Dulnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S61375","article-title":"Electrospun gelatin\/PCL and collagen\/PLCL scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015002","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa96dd","article-title":"Bioprinted chitosan-gelatin thermosensitive hydrogels using an inexpensive 3D printer","volume":"10","author":"Roehm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-018-0092-1","article-title":"The Development of Gelatin-Based Bio-Ink for Use in 3D Hybrid Bioprinting","volume":"19","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00057","article-title":"3D Bioprinting Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neural Tissues Using a Novel Fibrin Bioink Containing Drug Releasing Microspheres","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035020","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/3\/035020","article-title":"Effect of bioink properties on printability and cell viability for 3D bioplotting of embryonic stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Ouyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044101","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/7\/4\/044101","article-title":"Three-dimensional bioprinting of embryonic stem cells directs highly uniform embryoid body formation","volume":"7","author":"Ouyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.09.023","article-title":"Bioprintable, cell-laden silk fibroin-gelatin hydrogel supporting multilineage differentiation of stem cells for fabrication of three-dimensional tissue constructs","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04149-y","article-title":"A Gelatin-sulfonated Silk Composite Scaffold based on 3D Printing Technology Enhances Skin Regeneration by Stimulating Epidermal Growth and Dermal Neovascularization","volume":"7","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.048","article-title":"Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography","volume":"33","author":"Gauvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034104","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa7e98","article-title":"Decellularized extracellular matrix: A step towards the next generation source for bioink manufacturing","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801019","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801019","article-title":"3D Cell Printing of Perfusable Vascularized Human Skin Equivalent Composed of Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis for Better Structural Recapitulation of Native Skin","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6b01908","article-title":"Development of Liver Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioink for Three-Dimensional Cell Printing-Based Liver Tissue Engineering","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800992","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800992","article-title":"A Photo-Crosslinkable Kidney ECM-Derived Bioink Accelerates Renal Tissue Formation","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.11.030","article-title":"Biomaterials-based 3D cell printing for next-generation therapeutics and diagnostics","volume":"156","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201503310","article-title":"Microfluidic Bioprinting of Heterogeneous 3D Tissue Constructs Using Low-Viscosity Bioink","volume":"28","author":"Colosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aderibigbe, B.A., and Buyana, B. (2018). Alginate in Wound Dressings. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020042"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0498","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Polycaprolactone Reinforced Gene Activated Bioinks for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"23","author":"Cunniffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00196","article-title":"3D-Bioprinting of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanofiber-Alginate Hydrogel Bioink Containing Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"2","author":"Narayanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801102","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801102","article-title":"Coaxial Cell Printing of Freestanding, Perfusable, and Functional In Vitro Vascular Models for Recapitulation of Native Vascular Endothelium Pathophysiology","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00167-4","article-title":"Evaluation of sodium alginate for bone marrow cell tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.06.003","article-title":"Towards the development of polycaprolactone based amphiphilic block copolymers: Molecular design, self-assembly and biomedical applications","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The return of a forgotten polymer-Polycaprolactone in the 21st century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-014-5086-y","article-title":"Synthetic biodegradable functional polymers for tissue engineering: A brief review","volume":"57","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32052","article-title":"Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo","volume":"90","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034108","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/3\/3\/034108","article-title":"Dynamics of in vitro polymer degradation of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds: Accelerated versus simulated physiological conditions","volume":"3","author":"Lam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-04-2012-0037","article-title":"Fabrication and characterisation of PCL and PCL\/PLA scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"20","author":"Patricio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025015","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/26\/2\/025015","article-title":"3D printing of high-resolution PLA-based structures by hybrid electrohydrodynamic and fused deposition modeling techniques","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.06.012","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"107","author":"Farah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008990109419","article-title":"Controlled release systems based on poly(lactic acid). An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"11","author":"Andreopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v11.i34.110","article-title":"Tissue engineering of cardiac valves on the basis of PGA\/PLA Co-polymers","volume":"11","author":"Stock","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Long Term Eff. Med. Implant."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-018-8316-7","article-title":"Investigation on the Biodegradability and Antibacterial Properties of Nanohybrid Suture Based on Silver Incorporated PGA-PLGA Nanofibers","volume":"19","author":"Rouhollahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fiber Polym."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7521","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB01662F","article-title":"3D printed structures for delivery of biomolecules and cells: Tissue repair and regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27176","article-title":"Engineering inkjet bioprinting processes toward translational therapies","volume":"117","author":"Angelopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1021\/la702481v","article-title":"The build-up of polyelectrolyte multilayers of microfibrillated cellulose and cationic polyelectrolytes","volume":"24","author":"Wagberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927611000444","article-title":"Quantitative Electron Microscopy of Cellulose Nanofibril Structures from Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata Kraft Pulp Fibers","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00188","article-title":"3D Bioprinting Human Chondrocytes with Nanocellulose-Alginate Bioink for Cartilage Tissue Eng. Applications","volume":"16","author":"Markstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b04440","article-title":"Pulping and Pretreatment Affect the Characteristics of Bagasse Inks for Three-dimensional Printing","volume":"6","author":"Ehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2010.07.007","article-title":"Platform technologies for tubular organ regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Basu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015001","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/9\/1\/015001","article-title":"Layer-by-layer approach for a uniformed fabrication of a cell patterned vessel-like construct","volume":"9","author":"Wilkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s004490100268","article-title":"Engineering and cell attachment properties of human fibronectin-fibrinogen scaffolds for use in tissue engineered blood vessels","volume":"25","author":"Harding","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.01.002","article-title":"Composite vascular scaffold combining electrospun fibers and physically-crosslinked hydrogel with copper wire-induced grooves structure","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12424","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b19537","article-title":"Facile Biofabrication of Heterogeneous Multilayer Tubular Hydrogels by Fast Diffusion-Induced Gelation","volume":"10","author":"Ouyang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1611-9","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Printing of Tissue\/Organ Analogues Containing Living Cells","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022002","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab5158","article-title":"The bioprinting roadmap","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201200303","article-title":"Direct plotting of three-dimensional hollow fiber scaffolds based on concentrated alginate pastes for tissue engineering","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeoka, Y., Matsumoto, K., Taniguchi, D., Tsuchiya, T., Machino, R., Moriyama, M., Oyama, S., Tetsuo, T., Taura, Y., and Takagi, K. (2019). Regeneration of esophagus using a scaffold-free biomimetic structure created with bio-three-dimensional printing. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216174"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2016.0322","article-title":"Principles of the Kenzan Method for Robotic Cell Spheroid-Based Three-Dimensional Bioprinting","volume":"23","author":"Moldovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B-Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700444","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201700444","article-title":"iPSC-Derived Vascular Cell Spheroids as Building Blocks for Scaffold-Free Biofabrication","volume":"12","author":"Moldovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.03.012","article-title":"Regeneration of diaphragm with bio-3D cellular patch","volume":"167","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, S.W., Lee, K.W., Park, J.H., Lee, J., Jung, C.R., Yu, J., Kim, H.Y., and Kim, D.H. (2018). 3D Bioprinted Artificial Trachea with Epithelial Cells and Chondrogenic-Differentiated Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061624"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500758","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500758","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels","volume":"1","author":"Hinton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900344","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900344","article-title":"3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts","volume":"6","author":"Noor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.12.008","article-title":"3D bioprinting of urethra with PCL\/PLCL blend and dual autologous cells in fibrin hydrogel: An in vitro evaluation of biomimetic mechanical property and cell growth environment","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"17457","article-title":"Self-Supporting Nanoclay as Internal Scaffold Material for Direct Printing of Soft Hydrogel Composite Structures in Air","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.1.1.1","article-title":"Introducing Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","volume":"1","author":"Talley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-013-0577-6","article-title":"Risk factors for pulmonary complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer","volume":"44","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"e4987","article-title":"Gastric Conduit Perforation: A Late Fatal Complication after Esophagectomy","volume":"11","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-0836-4","article-title":"Esophagus tissue engineering: Hybrid approach with esophageal epithelium and unidirectional smooth muscle tissue component generation in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Saxena","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.019","article-title":"Esophagus tissue engineering: In vitro generation of esophageal epithelial cell sheets and viability on scaffold","volume":"44","author":"Saxena","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6549","DOI":"10.1021\/am401115z","article-title":"In vitro constitution of esophageal muscle tissue with endocyclic and exolongitudinal patterns","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.10.035","article-title":"3D-printed flexible polymer stents for potential applications in inoperable esophageal malignancies","volume":"83","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"a025742","article-title":"Historical Perspective and Future Direction of Blood Vessel Developments","volume":"8","author":"Dimitrievska","year":"2018","journal-title":"CSH Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neufurth, M., Wang, X.H., Tolba, E., Dorweiler, B., Schroder, H.C., Link, T., Diehl-Seifert, B., and Muller, W.E.G. (2015). Modular Small Diameter Vascular Grafts with Bioactive Functionalities. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133632"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenger, R., and Giraud, M.N. (2018). 3D Printing Applied to Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201811.0590.v1"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00041","article-title":"Current Strategies for the Manufacture of Small Size Tissue Eng. Vascular Grafts","volume":"6","author":"Carrabba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.06.052","article-title":"A bioink blend for rotary 3D bioprinting tissue engineered small-diameter vascular constructs","volume":"95","author":"Freeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.11.039","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor immobilized on mussel-inspired three-dimensional bilayered scaffold for artificial vascular graft application: In vitro and in vivo evaluations","volume":"537","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00676","article-title":"3D Printing of Vascular Tubes Using Bioelastomer Prepolymers byFreeform Reversible Embedding","volume":"6","author":"Savoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305506","article-title":"3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs","volume":"26","author":"Kolesky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.006031","article-title":"Airway basal stem cells: A perspective on their roles in epithelial homeostasis and remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Rock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, H., Choi, Y., and Jang, J. (2020). Vascularized Lower Respiratory-Physiology-On-A-Chip. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10030900"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200204000-00022","article-title":"Is the Trachea a Marker of the Type of Environmental Pollution?","volume":"112","author":"Foltin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Larygoscope"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.1990.24914","article-title":"Does the end-to-end venous anastomosis offer a functional advantage over the end-to-side venous anastomosis in high-output arteriovenous grafts?","volume":"12","author":"Fillinger","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1999.5.339","article-title":"End-to-End Anastomosis between Tissue-Engineered Intestine and Native Small Bowel","volume":"5","author":"Kaihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00500-3","article-title":"Animal models for tracheal research","volume":"25","author":"Rakhorst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.08.007","article-title":"Three dimensional printing: A review on the utility within medicine and otolaryngology","volume":"89","author":"Kaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4743-0","article-title":"3D printing for clinical application in otorhinolaryngology","volume":"274","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx444","article-title":"Scaffold-free trachea regeneration by tissue engineering with bio-3D printing","volume":"26","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108218","article-title":"Long-term study on off-the-shelf tracheal graft: A conceptual approach for urgent implantation","volume":"185","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05518-3","article-title":"Tissue-engineered trachea from a 3D-printed scaffold enhances whole-segment tracheal repair","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep.-UK"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2018.06.004","article-title":"3D printing of tubular scaffolds with elasticity and complex structure from multiple waterborne polyurethanes for tracheal tissue engineering","volume":"12","author":"Hsieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.010652","article-title":"Mechanisms of Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Basis for Pharmacologic Treatment of Smooth Muscle Disorders","volume":"68","author":"Brozovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00108-4","article-title":"Mouse models of angiogenesis, arterial stenosis, atherosclerosis and hemostasis","volume":"39","author":"Carmeliet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680590925664","article-title":"Microvascular thrombosis models in venules and arterioles in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Rumbaut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.05.008","article-title":"Three-dimensional Printing in the Intestine","volume":"14","author":"Wengerter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/7\/2\/32\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:13:52Z","timestamp":1760174032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/7\/2\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering7020032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering7020032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]}}}