{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:35:06Z","timestamp":1787502906951,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Restoration of Appearance and Function Trust","award":["Charitable Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Charitable Funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic leg ulcers (CLUs) are full thickness wounds that usually occur between the ankle and knee, fail to heal after 3 months of standard treatment, or are not entirely healed at 12 months. CLUs present a considerable burden on patients, subjecting them to severe pain and distress, while healthcare systems suffer immense costs and loss of resources. The poor healing outcome of the standard treatment of CLUs generates an urgent clinical need to find effective solutions for these wounds. Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Science offer exciting prospects for the treatment of CLUs, using a broad range of skin substitutes or scaffolds, and dressings. In this review, we summarize and discuss the various types of scaffolds used clinically in the treatment of CLUs. Their structure and therapeutic effects are described, and for each scaffold type representative examples are discussed, supported by clinical trials. Silver dressings are also reviewed due to their reported benefits in the healing of leg ulcers, as well as recent studies on new dermal scaffolds, reporting on clinical results where available. We conclude by arguing there is a further need for tissue-engineered products specifically designed and bioengineered to treat these wounds and we propose a series of properties that a biomaterial for CLUs should possess, with the intention of focusing efforts on finding an effective treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8050062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T12:49:49Z","timestamp":1620650989000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chronic Leg Ulcers: Are Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Science the Solution?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Kyriakidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Biomaterials Group, The RAFT Institute &amp; The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park and Saint Mark\u2019s Hospital, London HA1 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Lali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park and Saint Mark\u2019s Hospital, London HA1 3UJ, UK"},{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Vicente","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park and Saint Mark\u2019s Hospital, London HA1 3UJ, UK"},{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7062-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gareta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Biomaterials Group, The RAFT Institute &amp; The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park and Saint Mark\u2019s Hospital, London HA1 3UJ, UK"},{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gareta, E. 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