{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:38:34Z","timestamp":1784853514744,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013796","name":"Canadian Urological Association Scholarship Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013796","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["258229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue engineering is an emerging field of research that initially aimed to produce 3D tissues to bypass the lack of adequate tissues for the repair or replacement of deficient organs. The basis of tissue engineering protocols is to create scaffolds, which can have a synthetic or natural origin, seeded or not with cells. At the same time, more and more studies have indicated the low clinic translation rate of research realised using standard cell culture conditions, i.e., cells on plastic surfaces or using animal models that are too different from humans. New models are needed to mimic the 3D organisation of tissue and the cells themselves and the interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. In this regard, urology and gynaecology fields are of particular interest. The urethra and vagina can be sites suffering from many pathologies without currently adequate treatment options. Due to the specific organisation of the human urethral\/bladder and vaginal epithelium, current research models remain poorly representative. In this review, the anatomy, the current pathologies, and the treatments will be described before focusing on producing tissues and research models using tissue engineering. An emphasis is made on the self-assembly approach, which allows tissue production without the need for biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8070099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T02:28:01Z","timestamp":1626229681000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Genitourinary Tissue Engineering: Reconstruction and Research Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christophe","family":"Caneparo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Brownell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Chabaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6680-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bolduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2017.12.008","article-title":"Quality of life after radical cystectomy","volume":"45","author":"Tyson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol. 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