{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:17:21Z","timestamp":1784675841585,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA  and MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION (MALAYSIA) under the PhD scholarship fund.","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a common condition that has a negative impact on the psycho-social health of many men. This study aims to engineer an alcohol-free formulation to cater for individuals who may have had allergic reactions to alcohol-based preparations. A lipid-based nanoparticle system composed of stearic and oleic acid (solid and liquid lipid) was used to deliver dutasteride (DST) for topical application. Two compositions, with oleic acid (Formulation A) and without (Formulation B), were compared to analyse the role of oleic acid as a potential active ingredient in addition to DST. DST-loaded LNP were prepared using the emulsification\u2013ultrasonication method. All of the prepared formulations were spherical in shape in the nanometric size range (150\u2013300 nm), with entrapment efficiencies of &gt;75%. X-ray diffractograms revealed that DST exists in an amorphous form within the NLP matrices. The drug release behaviour from both LNP preparations displayed slow release of DST. Permeation studies through pig ear skin demonstrated that DST-LNP with oleic acid produced significantly lower permeation into the dermis compared to the formulation without oleic acid. These results suggest that the proposed formulation presents several characteristics which are novel, indicating its suitability for the dermal delivery of anti-androgenic molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1641250310000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Engineered Dutasteride-Lipid Based Nanoparticle (DST-LNP) System Using Oleic and Stearic Acid for Topical Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norhayati Mohamed","family":"Noor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK"},{"name":"Cosmeceutical & Fragrance Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3192-8840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azila","family":"Abdul-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cosmeceutical & Fragrance Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyanarayana","family":"Somavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197511000-00009","article-title":"Male pattern baldness: Classification and incidence","volume":"68","author":"Norwood","year":"1975","journal-title":"South. 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