{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T06:05:38Z","timestamp":1775369138545,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have challenging behaviors, which are associated with difficulties in parenting. Deep pressure is a therapeutic modality in occupational therapy, and it was reported to produce a calming effect. This study aimed to determine whether the short-term use of an autism hug machine portable seat (AHMPS) improves behavioral and neurobiological stress in children with ASD, and to determine whether AHMPS with an inflatable wrap or manual pull is more effective. This study enrolled children with ASD who were administered with the inflatable wrap (group I) and manual pull (group II) for 20 min twice a week for 3 weeks. Conners\u2019 Parent Rating Scale-48 (CPRS-48) was used to rate behavioral improvements, and galvanic skin response (GSR) was used to measure sympathetic stress response. A total of 20 children with ASD (14 boys and 6 girls; aged 7\u201313 years) were included. CPRS-48 presented conduct problems: behavior was significantly decreased in the inflatable group (p = 0.007) compared to the manual pull group. The GSR captured a significant reduction in sympathetic response (p = 0.01) only in group I. Neurobiological stress was reduced in children who were wearing the AHMPS inflatable wrap; therefore, AHMPS inflatable wrap is an effective method to reduce emotional arousal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9020048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1642626111000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Effect of Short-Term Deep-Pressure Portable Seat on Behavioral and Biological Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilham Yustar","family":"Afif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Farkhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ojo","family":"Kurdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4700-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Izzur","family":"Maula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Imam","family":"Ammarullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Budi","family":"Setiyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6172-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Jamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tri Indah","family":"Winarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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