{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:29:00Z","timestamp":1785180540375,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Sapienza Research Project-Progetti di Ricerca (Piccoli, Medi)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) and biochar from pine wood (PWB) are used in a mini-pilot scale biological reactor (11.3 L of geometric volume) for trichloroethylene (TCE) removal (80 mgTCE\/day and 6 L\/day of flow rate). The PHB-biochar reactor was realized with two sequential reactive areas to simulate a multi-reactive permeable barrier. The PHB acts as an electron donor source in the first \u201cfermentative\u201d area. First, the thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed. The PHB-powder and pellets have different purity (96% and 93% w\/w) and thermal properties. These characteristics may affect the biodegradability of the biopolymer. In the second reactive zone, the PWB works as a Dehalococcoides support and adsorption material since its affinity for chlorinated compounds and the positive effect of the \u201ccoupled adsorption and biodegradation\u201d process has been already verified. A specific dechlorinating enriched culture has been inoculated in the PWB zone to realize a coupled adsorption and biodegradation process. Organic acids were revealed since the beginning of the test, and during the monitoring period the reductive dichlorination anaerobic pathway was observed in the first zone; no chlorinated compounds were detected in the effluent thanks to the PWB adsorption capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9050192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T12:06:01Z","timestamp":1651147561000},"page":"192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-Biochar Reactor for the Adsorption and Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene: Design and Startup Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta M.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-800X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Alfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4290-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Amanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Andreini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotherm s.r.l., Via Vaccareccia, 43\/D, 00071 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6401-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8698-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Petrangeli Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7710","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11598-y","article-title":"Biotechnology and nanotechnology for remediation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds: Current perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Ebrahimbabaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Armi, E., Rossi, M.M., Taverna, L., Petrangeli Papini, M., and Zeppilli, M. (2022). Evaluation of the Bioelectrochemical Approach and Different Electron Donors for Biological Trichloroethylene. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10010037"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1021\/es00064a001","article-title":"Groundwater contamination: Pump-and-treat remediation","volume":"23","author":"Mackay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.4236\/jwarp.2020.1212060","article-title":"Distribution of Colloidal and Powdered Activated Carbon for theIn Situ; Treatment of Groundwater","volume":"12","author":"McGregor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Prot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110925","article-title":"Bioremediation of typical chlorinated hydrocarbons by microbial reductive dechlorination and its key players: A review","volume":"202","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"91","article-title":"First pilot test on the integration of GCW (groundwater circulation well) with ENA (enhanced natural attenuation) for chlorinated solvents source remediation","volume":"49","author":"Majone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2014.02.011","article-title":"In Situ groundwater and sediment bioremediation: Barriers and perspectives at European contaminated sites","volume":"32","author":"Majone","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-004-4733-8","article-title":"Biodegradability of chlorinated solvents and related chlorinated aliphatic compounds","volume":"3","author":"Field","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01677","article-title":"Dehalococcoides as a potential biomarker evidence for uncharacterized organohalides in environmental samples","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1503-4","article-title":"Detection and quantitative estimation of Dehalococcoides spp. in a dechlorinating bioreactor by a combination of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and kinetic analysis","volume":"64","author":"Aulenta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, M.M., Dell\u2019Armi, E., Lorini, L., Amanat, N., Zeppilli, M., Villano, M., and Petrangeli Papini, M. (2021). Combined Strategies to Prompt the Biological Reduction of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: New Sustainable Options for Bioremediation Application. Bioengineering, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8080109"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.04.026","article-title":"Coupling of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and zero valent iron (ZVI) for enhanced treatment of chlorinated ethanes in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs)","volume":"195","author":"Baric","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanat, N., Matturro, B., Rossi, M.M., Valentino, F., Villano, M., and Petrangeli Papini, M. (2021). Assessment of Long-Term Fermentability of PHA\u2014Based Materials from Pure and Mixed Microbial Cultures for Potential Environmental Applications. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13070897"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mcgee, K. (2018). The Influence of In-Situ Activated Carbon on Biodegradation of Chlorinated Solvents. [Ph.D. Thesis, Clemson University]. Available online: https:\/\/tigerprints.clemson.edu\/all_theses\/2925."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.02.014","article-title":"Current state of in situ subsurface remediation by activated carbon-based amendments","volume":"204","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciampi, P., Esposito, C., Viotti, P., Boaga, J., Cassiani, G., and Petrangeli Papini, M. (2019). An integrated approach supporting remediation of an aquifer contaminated with chlorinated solvents by a combination of adsorption and biodegradation. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9204318"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104657","article-title":"Reductive\/oxidative sequential bioelectrochemical process for Perchloroethylene (PCE) removal: Effect of the applied reductive potential and microbial community characterization","volume":"9","author":"Zeppilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.072","article-title":"Bioelectrochemical approach for reductive and oxidative dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs)","volume":"169","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12760","article-title":"The bioelectric well: A novel approach for in situ treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater","volume":"11","author":"Palma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.05.057","article-title":"Progress in the preparation and application of modified biochar for improved contaminant removal from water and wastewater","volume":"214","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130300","article-title":"Immobilized redox mediators on modified biochar and their role on azo dye biotransformation in anaerobic biological systems: Mechanisms, biodegradation pathway and theoretical calculation","volume":"423","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2013.10.008","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHB) as a slow-release electron donor for advanced in situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvent-contaminated aquifers","volume":"31","author":"Baric","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142249","article-title":"Biochars as media for air pollution control systems: Contaminant removal, applications and future research directions","volume":"753","author":"Gwenzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourmentza, C., Pl\u00e1cido, J., Venetsaneas, N., Burniol-Figols, A., Varrone, C., Gavala, H.N., and Reis, M.A.M. (2017). Recent advances and challenges towards sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. Bioengineering, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering4020055"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.173","article-title":"Sorption mechanisms of chlorinated hydrocarbons on biochar produced from different feedstocks: Conclusions from single- and bi-solute experiments","volume":"203","author":"Schreiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.011","article-title":"Mechanisms and reutilization of modified biochar used for removal of heavy metals from wastewater: A review","volume":"668","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfano, S., Lorini, L., Majone, M., Sciubba, F., Valentino, F., and Martinelli, A. (2021). Ethylic esters as green solvents for the extraction of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates produced by mixed microbial culture. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13162789"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tareq, R., Akter, N., and Azam, M.S. (2019). Biochars and Biochar Composites. Biochar from Biomass Waste, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811729-3.00010-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125102","article-title":"Biochar and environmental sustainability: Emerging trends and techno-economic perspectives","volume":"332","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132313","article-title":"Biochar as a novel carbon-negative electron source and mediator: Electron exchange capacity (EEC) and environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs): A review","volume":"429","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.107047","article-title":"Enhancing the Biological Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene with PHA from Mixed Microbial Cultures (MMC)","volume":"10","author":"Amanat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, M.M., Matturro, B., Amanat, N., Rossetti, S., and Petrangeli Papini, M. (2022). Coupled Adsorption and Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene on Biochar from Pine Wood Wastes: A Combined Approach for a Sustainable Bioremediation Strategy. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010101"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.073","article-title":"Use of poly-\u03b2-hydroxy-butyrate as a slow-release electron donor for the microbial reductive dechlorination of TCE","volume":"57","author":"Aulenta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chronopoulou, L., Palocci, C., Valentino, F., Pettiti, I., and Petrangeli Papini, M. (2016). Stabilization of Iron (Micro) Particles with Polyhydroxybutyrate for In Situ Remediation Applications. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6120417"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04121","article-title":"Biochar Modulates Methanogenesis through Electron Syntrophy of Microorganisms with Ethanol as a Substrate","volume":"52","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124360","article-title":"Biochar facilitates rapid restoration of methanogenesis by enhancing direct interspecies electron transfer after high organic loading shock","volume":"320","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.04.015","article-title":"Biochar characteristics and early applications in anaerobic digestion-a review","volume":"6","author":"Luz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43912","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43912","article-title":"Characterizing Biochar as Alternative Sorbent for Oil Spill Remediation","volume":"7","author":"Silvani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, M.M., Silvani, L., Amanat, N., and Petrangeli Papini, M. (2021). Biochar from Pine Wood, Rice Husks and Iron-Eupatorium Shrubs for Remediation Applications: Surface Characterization and Experimental Tests for Trichloroethylene Removal. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14071776"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.10.004","article-title":"Use of biochar as alternative sorbent for the active capping of oil contaminated sediments","volume":"5","author":"Silvani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01664","article-title":"Microbial community changes in a chlorinated solvents polluted aquifer over the field scale treatment with poly-3-hydroxybutyrate as amendment","volume":"9","author":"Matturro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2016.11.004","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoate as a slow-release carbon source for in situ bioremediation of contaminated aquifers: From laboratory investigation to pilot-scale testing in the fi eld","volume":"37","author":"Pierro","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.4.2765-2774.2006","article-title":"Quantitative PCR targeting 16S rRNA and reductive dehalogenase genes simultaneously monitors multiple Dehalococcoides strains","volume":"72","author":"Ritalahti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.02.011","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of Dehalococcoides mccartyi at laboratory and field scale: Comparative study between CARD-FISH and Real Time PCR","volume":"93","author":"Matturro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiab064","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiab064","article-title":"Correlations between maximum reductive dechlorination rates and specific biomass parameters in Dehalococcoides mccartyi consortia enriched on chloroethenes PCE, TCE and cis-1,2-DCE","volume":"97","author":"Matturro","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeppilli, M., Dell\u2019Armi, E., Cristiani, L., Petrangeli Papini, M., and Majone, M. (2019). Reductive\/oxidative sequential bioelectrochemical process for perchloroethylene removal. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11122579"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03384-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03384-16","article-title":"Effects of sulfate reduction on trichloroethene dechlorination by Dehalococcoides-containing microbial communities","volume":"83","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.12.023","article-title":"Influence of nitrate and sulfate reduction in the bioelectrochemically assisted dechlorination of cis-DCE","volume":"125","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2007.11.006","article-title":"Competition for H2 between sulfate reduction and dechlorination in butyrate-fed anaerobic cultures","volume":"43","author":"Aulenta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/rem.20226","article-title":"Interactions between biological and abiotic pathways in the reduction of chlorinated solvents","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remediation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026954","article-title":"Crystallization and morphology of a bacterial thermoplastic: Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"19","author":"Barham","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1002\/app.23586","article-title":"Thermal stability of polyhydroxyalkanoates","volume":"100","author":"Carrasco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.048","article-title":"Thermal degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) plasticized with acetyl tributyl citrate","volume":"90","author":"Erceg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12303","DOI":"10.1021\/jp4063127","article-title":"The role of the crystallization temperature on the nanophase structure evolution of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]","volume":"117","author":"Righetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.46.434","article-title":"Modeling of tetrachloroethylene degradation by anaerobic granular biological activated carbon","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.032","article-title":"Potential of biochar filters for onsite wastewater treatment: Effects of active and inactive biofilms on adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in laboratory column experiments","volume":"247","author":"Dalahmeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.059","article-title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes in hyporheic zones: A review of key biogeochemical processes and in-situ transformation potential","volume":"128","author":"Weatherill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.02.084","article-title":"Kinetics of trichloroethene dechlorination and methane formation by a mixed anaerobic culture in a bio-electrochemical system","volume":"53","author":"Aulenta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.09.019","article-title":"Relevance of side reactions in anaerobic reductive dechlorination microcosms amended with different electron donors","volume":"41","author":"Aulenta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/5\/192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:02:58Z","timestamp":1760137378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/5\/192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering9050192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering9050192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]}}}