{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:28:55Z","timestamp":1790832535075,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Irish Research Council Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship Award","award":["GOIPG\/2029\/371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOIPG\/2029\/371"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone defects and complex fractures present significant challenges for orthopaedic surgeons. Current surgical procedures involve the reconstruction and mechanical stabilisation of complex fractures using metal hardware (i.e., wires, plates and screws). However, these procedures often result in poor healing. An injectable, biocompatible, biodegradable bone adhesive that could glue bone fragments back together would present a highly attractive solution. A bone adhesive that meets the many clinical requirements for such an application has yet to be developed. While synthetic and biological polymer-based adhesives (e.g., cyanoacrylates, PMMA, fibrin, etc.) have been used effectively as bone void fillers, these materials lack biomechanical integrity and demonstrate poor injectability, which limits the clinical effectiveness and potential for minimally invasive delivery. This systematic review summarises conventional approaches and recent developments in the area of bone adhesives for orthopaedic applications. The required properties for successful bone repair adhesives, which include suitable injectability, setting characteristics, mechanical properties, biocompatibility and an ability to promote new bone formation, are highlighted. Finally, the potential to achieve repair of challenging bone voids and fractures as well as the potential of new bioinspired adhesives and the future directions relating to their clinical development are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9060250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1654856712000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Biodegradable and Biocompatible Adhesives for the Effective Stabilisation, Repair and Regeneration of Bone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antzela","family":"Tzagiollari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen O.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9751-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya J.","family":"Levingstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Tissue, Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1728-9","article-title":"Mechanics and mechano-biology of fracture healing in normal and osteoporotic bone","volume":"16","author":"Augat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. 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