{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:11:18Z","timestamp":1792170678317,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry for Education, University, and Research (MIUR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scoliosis is an abnormality of the spinal curvature that severely affects the musculoskeletal, respiratory, and nervous systems. Conventionally, it is treated using rigid spinal braces. These braces are static, rigid, and passive in nature, and they (largely) limit the mobility of the spine, resulting in other spinal complexities. Moreover, these braces do not have precise control over how much force is being applied by them. Over-exertion of force may deteriorate the spinal condition. This article presents a novel active soft brace that allows mobility to the spine while applying controlled corrective forces that are regulated by varying the tensions in elastic bands using low-power light weight twisted string actuators (TSAs). This article focuses on the actuator and contact force modeling of the active soft brace (ASB). The actuator modeling is required to translate the twisting of string in terms of contraction of the string\u2019s length, whereas the contact force modeling helps in estimating the net resultant force exerted by the band on the body using single point pressure\/force sensors. The actuators (TSAs) are modeled as helix geometry and validated using a laser position sensor. The results showed that the model effectively tracked the position (contraction in length) with root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.7386 mm. The contact force is modeled using the belt and pulley contact model and validated by building a custom testbed. The actuator module is able to regulate the pressure in the range 0\u20136 Kpa, which is comparable to 0\u20138 Kpa pressure regulated in rigid braces. This makes it possible to verify and demonstrate the working principle of the proposed active soft brace.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9070303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T03:46:08Z","timestamp":1657511168000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Actuator and Contact Force Modeling of an Active Soft Brace for Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5936-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athar","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vigilio","family":"Fontanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner","family":"Schmoelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56010 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32833419ac","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and genetic testing","volume":"22","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. 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