{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:54:53Z","timestamp":1782168893460,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007393","name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, INSERM, and the AFM-T\u00e9l\u00e9thon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ile-de-France Region in the framework of Respore: \u00cele-de-France network of Excellence in Porous Solids","award":["22142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dense collagen hydrogels are promising biomaterials for several tissue-engineering applications. They exhibit high mechanical properties, similar to physiological extracellular matrices, and do not shrink under cellular activity. However, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as weak nutrient and O2 diffusion, impacting cell survival. Here, we report a novel strategy to create a perfusion system within dense and thick collagen hydrogels to promote cell viability. The 3D printing of a thermoplastic filament (high-impact polystyrene, HIPS) with a three-wave shape is used to produce an appropriate sacrificial matrix. The HIPS thermoplastic polymer allows for good shape fidelity of the filament and does not collapse under the mechanical load of the collagen solution. After the collagen gels around the filament and dissolves, a channel is generated, allowing for adequate and rapid hydrogel perfusion. The dissolution process does not alter the collagen hydrogel\u2019s physical or chemical properties, and the perfusion is associated with an increased fibroblast survival. Here, we report the novel utilization of thermoplastics to generate a perfusion network within biomimetic collagen hydrogels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9070313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:17:10Z","timestamp":1657844230000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Generation of an Adequate Perfusion Network within Dense Collagen Hydrogels Using Thermoplastic Polymers as Sacrificial Matrix to Promote Cell Viability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Camman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie de la Mati\u00e8re Condens\u00e9e de Paris, UMR 7574, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm U1164, UMR 8256, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Marquaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie de la Mati\u00e8re Condens\u00e9e de Paris, UMR 7574, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Joanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm U1164, UMR 8256, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onnik","family":"Agbulut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm U1164, UMR 8256, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"H\u00e9lary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie de la Mati\u00e8re Condens\u00e9e de Paris, UMR 7574, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2441","article-title":"Complexity in biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"8","author":"Place","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Effects of cell concentration and collagen concentration on contraction kinetics and mechanical properties in a bone marrow stromal cell-collagen construct","volume":"93","author":"Chieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/term.420","article-title":"Fibroblasts within Concentrated Collagen Hydrogels Favour Chronic Skin Wound Healing","volume":"6","author":"Helary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1039\/C4BM00370E","article-title":"Evaluation of dense collagen matrices as medicated wound dressing for the treatment of cutaneous chronic wounds","volume":"3","author":"Helary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/term.326","article-title":"Synthesis and in vivo integration of improved concentrated collagen hydrogels","volume":"5","author":"Helary","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1021\/bm060715f","article-title":"Controlled microchannelling in dense collagen scaffolds by soluble phosphate glass fibers","volume":"8","author":"Nazhat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.3.1274","article-title":"Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro","volume":"76","author":"Bell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.07.023","article-title":"Computational evaluation of oxygen and shear stress distributions in 3D perfusion culture systems: Macro-scale and micro-structured models","volume":"41","author":"Cioffi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20722","article-title":"Oxygen gradients correlate with cell density and cell viability in engineered cardiac tissue","volume":"93","author":"Radisic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.04.005","article-title":"Dense Fibrillar collagen matrices: A model to study myofibroblast behaviour during wound healing","volume":"27","author":"Helary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2002001000002","article-title":"Correlations between the collagen content of the human left ventricular myocardium, measured by biochemical and morphometric methods","volume":"79","author":"Lopes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092020203","article-title":"Regional differences in capillary density and myocyte size in the normal human heart","volume":"202","author":"Stoker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2006.02.005","article-title":"Formation of perfused, functional microvascular tubes in vitro","volume":"71","author":"Chrobak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01316","article-title":"In vitro engineering of vascularized tissue surrogates","volume":"3","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.11.031","article-title":"Skin integrated with perfusable vascular channels on a chip","volume":"116","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035042","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/abfca8","article-title":"A perfusable vascularized full-thickness skin model for potential topical and systemic applications","volume":"13","author":"Salameh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"275","article-title":"3D models of dilated cardiomyopathy: Shaping the chemical, physical and topographical properties of biomaterials to mimic the cardiac extracellular matrix","volume":"7","author":"Camman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22613","article-title":"On-Demand three-dimensional freeform fabrication of multi-layered hydrogel scaffold with fluidic channels","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305506","article-title":"3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs","volume":"26","author":"Kolesky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Gobeaux, F. (2008). Phases Denses de Collag\u00e8ne de Type I:Transition Isotrope\/Cholest\u00e9rique, Fibrillogen\u00e8se et Min\u00e9ralisation. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, S., Eblagon, K.M., Miranda, F., R. Pereira, M.F., and Figueiredo, J.L. (2021). Towards controlled degradation of poly (lactic) acid in technical applications. C, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/c7020042"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/7\/313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:50:09Z","timestamp":1760140209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/7\/313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering9070313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering9070313","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]}}}