{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:48:11Z","timestamp":1767970091918,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R15HL159599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL159599"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01HL157050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL157050"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R15HL140503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL140503"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01EB022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB022018"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["T32HL134613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL134613"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["GRNT17150041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRNT17150041"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"AHA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HL159599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL159599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"AHA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL157050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL157050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"AHA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HL140503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL140503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"AHA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB022018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"AHA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL134613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL134613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"AHA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRNT17150041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRNT17150041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Researchers have shown that adult zebrafish have the potential to regenerate 20% of the ventricular muscle within two months of apex resection, and neonatal mice have the capacity to regenerate their heart after apex resection up until day 7 after birth. The goal of this study was to determine if large mammals (porcine heart model) have the capability to fully regenerate a resected portion of the left ventricular apex during the neonatal stage, and if so, how long the regenerative potential persists. A total of 36 piglets were divided into the following groups: 0-day control and surgical groups and seven-day control and surgical groups. For the apex removal groups, each piglet was subjected to a partial wall thickness resection (~30% of the ventricular wall thickness). Heart muscle function was assessed via transthoracic echocardiograms; the seven-day surgery group experienced a decrease in ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Upon gross necropsy, for piglets euthanized four weeks post-surgery, all 0-day-old hearts showed no signs of scarring or any indication of the induced injury. Histological analysis confirmed that piglets in the 0-day surgery group exhibited various degrees of regeneration, with half of the piglets showing full regeneration and the other half showing partial regeneration. However, each piglet in the seven-day surgery group demonstrated epicardial fibrosis along with moderate to severe dissecting interstitial fibrosis, which was accompanied by an abundant collagenous extracellular matrix as the result of a scar formation in the resection site. Histology of one 0-day apex resection piglet (briefly lain on and accidentally killed by the mother sow three days post-surgery) revealed dense, proliferative mesenchymal cells bordering the fibrin and hemorrhage zone and differentiating toward immature cardiomyocytes. We further examined the heart explants at 5-days post-surgery (5D PO) and 1-week post-surgery (1W PO) to assess the repair progression. For the 0-day surgery piglets euthanized at 5D PO and 1W PO, half had abundant proliferating mesenchymal cells, suggesting active regeneration, while the other half showed increased extracellular collagen. The seven-day surgery piglets euthanized at 5D PO, and 1W PO showed evidence of greatly increased extracellular collagen, while some piglets had proliferating mesenchymal cells, suggesting a regenerative effort is ongoing while scar formation seems to predominate. In short, our qualitative findings suggest that the piglets lose the full myocardial regenerative potential by 7 days after birth, but greatly preserve the regenerative potential within 1 day post-partum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating the Transient Regenerative Potential of Cardiac Muscle Using a Neonatal Pig Partial Apical Resection Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryn L.","family":"Brazile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Ryan","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"Cooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Brinkman-Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Claude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sallie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sammira","family":"Rais-Rohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara R.","family":"McMahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kytai T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5846-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4108-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharan","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Bajona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Allegheny Health Network-Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Peltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, 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