{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:36:31Z","timestamp":1787585791809,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Abu Dhabi\u2019s Advanced Technology Research Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer is among the most common mortality causes worldwide. This scientific article is a comprehensive review of current knowledge regarding screening, subtyping, imaging, staging, and management of treatment response for lung cancer. The traditional imaging modality for screening and initial lung cancer diagnosis is computed tomography (CT). Recently, a dual-energy CT was proven to enhance the categorization of variable pulmonary lesions. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommends usage of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) in concert with CT to properly stage lung cancer and to prevent fruitless thoracotomies. Diffusion MR is an alternative to FDG PET\/CT that is radiation-free and has a comparable diagnostic performance. For response evaluation after treatment, FDG PET\/CT is a potent modality which predicts survival better than CT. Updated knowledge of lung cancer genomic abnormalities and treatment regimens helps to improve the radiologists\u2019 skills. Incorporating the radiologic experience is crucial for precise diagnosis, therapy planning, and surveillance of lung cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T05:33:14Z","timestamp":1663824794000},"page":"493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["State of the Art: Lung Cancer Staging Using Updated Imaging Modalities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4544-2692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihal M.","family":"Batouty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehad A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sharafeldeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5531-5574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba","family":"Kandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"},{"name":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2557-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6291-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Yaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7844-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel","family":"Khelifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Information Technology Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21254","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2015","volume":"65","author":"Siegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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