{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:20:46Z","timestamp":1762068046480,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital","award":["TYAFGH-D-111024","TYAFGH-D-111038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYAFGH-D-111024","TYAFGH-D-111038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An extrahepatic manifestation of nephropathies can be a feature of the chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Albuminuria is a major risk factor for nephropathies and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The correlation between HCV genotypes and albuminuria is still unclear. In this study, investigations have been done for the biomedical tools and methodologies used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) public database. We searched the 2007\u20132016 NHANES public database to retrieve data regarding the different HCV genotypes and clinical scenarios. This study attempted to investigate the impacts of HCV genetic diversity, associated comorbidities, and racial differences on albuminuria. The urine albumin\/creatinine ratio (ACR) was the primary endpoint. Among 40,856 participants, 336 participants with positive and 237 with negative HCV RNA tests were analyzed, excluding 14,454 participants with negative HCV antibodies and 25,828 which were missed. After controlling for sex, race, education level, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B, alcohol use, and body mass index (BMI) with a generalized linear equation, HCV genotype 2 was more likely than any other genotype to cause albuminuria based on the urine ACR (p &lt; 0.001). The generalized linear equation also demonstrated a significantly higher urine ACR, including hepatitis B (p &lt; 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p &lt; 0.001), and smoking (p = 0.026). In summary, the patients with HCV genotype 2 presented with increased albuminuria in comparison with other HCV genotypes in this 10-year retrospective analysis. HCV infection could be a risk factor of CKD; early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1664313807000},"page":"509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From Bench to Bedside: Clinical and Biomedical Investigations on Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotypes and Risk Factors for Albuminuria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Po-Jen","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Jen","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Digestive Medicine, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei City 241, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Ru","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Armed Forces Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Lin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chien","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Fang","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun-Lin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4919-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Kuei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenq-Shyong","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8718-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Wen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8563-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Ming","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Armed Forces Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Big Data Research Center, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7824","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i34.7824","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: An up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes","volume":"22","author":"Petruzziello","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. 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