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With the sustained release of ICT and HFS from the composite scaffold, the cell-free scaffold efficiently facilitates the migration of MSCs and promotes bone regeneration at the femoral defect site in the ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic rat model. Furthermore, mechanism study results indicate that the combination of ICT and HFS additively activates the Integrin\u2013FAK (focal adhesion kinase)\u2013ERK1\/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2)\u2013Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2) axis, which could be linked to the beneficial recruitment of MSCs to the implant and subsequent osteogenesis enhancement. Collectively, the PLGA\/TCP\/ICT\/HFS (P\/T\/I\/S) bioactive scaffold is a promising biomaterial for repairing osteoporotic bone defects, which may have immense implications for their translation to clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Bioactive Scaffold Fabricated by 3D Printing for Enhancing Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health 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