{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T20:20:49Z","timestamp":1774988449622,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["103-2320-B-038-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103-2320-B-038-010"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["110-2320-B-038-049-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2320-B-038-049-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of saturated fats from cocoa butter (plant source) compared with lard (animal source) on alcoholic liver damage in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet (C) or an ethanol diet (E), and the dietary fats (corn oil, olive oil, and safflower oil) of these two diets were further replaced by lard (CL, EL) or cocoa butter (CC, EC). After 8-week feeding, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, plasma intercellular adhesion molecular (ICAM)-1 levels, hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein expression, and hepatic interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 significantly increased in the E group compared to the C group. In addition, hepatic histopathological scores of fatty changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and degeneration and necrosis in the E group were significantly higher compared to those in the C group. However, fatty changes were significantly inhibited only in the EC group as well as hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis being significantly lower in the EL and EC groups. Plasma ICAM-1 and hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were significantly lower in the EL and EC groups than those in the E group. Moreover, a correlation analysis showed that hepatic histopathological scores of degeneration and necrosis were significantly positively correlated with erythrocytic oleic acid (C18:1) and were negatively correlated with linoleic acid (C18:2). In conclusion, cocoa butter protected the liver against lipid accumulation and inflammation in rats chronically fed ethanol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Preliminary Results for Evaluating Cocoa Butter\u2019s Hepatoprotective Effects against Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in Adult Male Rats Chronically Fed Ethanol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hsiao-Yun","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiun-Rong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hsiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suh-Ching","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenesis and current management","volume":"38","author":"Osna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-022-01392-4","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: A new insight into the pathogenesis of liver disease","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12030","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenesis, management, and novel targets for therapy","volume":"28","author":"Orman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.002","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets","volume":"141","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"59","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids and alcohol: Effects on cellular membranes","volume":"28","author":"Reitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohoism"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00276.x","article-title":"Beef fat prevents alcoholic liver disease in the rat","volume":"13","author":"Nanji","year":"1989","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280401","article-title":"Dietary fat and alcoholic liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Mezey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90344-5","article-title":"Dietary saturated fatty acids: A novel treatment for alcoholic liver disease","volume":"109","author":"Nanji","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"350","article-title":"Effect of type of dietary fat and ethanol on hepatic leukotriene level in experimental alcoholic liver disease","volume":"38","author":"Nanji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.4.904","article-title":"Dietary saturated fat reduces alcoholic hepatotoxicity in rats by altering fatty acid metabolism and membrane composition","volume":"134","author":"Ronis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.3.497","article-title":"Mammalian sirtuin 1 is involved in the protective action of dietary saturated fat against alcoholic fatty liver in mice","volume":"138","author":"You","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20821","article-title":"Role of adiponectin in the protective action of dietary saturated fat against alcoholic fatty liver in mice","volume":"42","author":"You","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.2741\/4620","article-title":"Impact of chocolate on the cardiovascular health","volume":"23","author":"Gammone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-3-2","article-title":"Chocolate and prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00017285-199305000-00006","article-title":"Effects of dietary stearic acid on plasma lipids and thrombosis","volume":"28","author":"Mustad","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(57)91998-0","article-title":"Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet","volume":"273","author":"Keys","year":"1957","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/17.5.281","article-title":"Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man","volume":"17","author":"Hegsted","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2001.10719008","article-title":"Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: A critical review","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"172","article-title":"Dietary saturated fatty acids reduce hepatic lipid accumulation but induce fibrotic change in alcohol-fed rats","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(94)33061-1","article-title":"Animal models of chronic ethanol toxicity","volume":"233","author":"Lieber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00104H","article-title":"Synbiotics reduce ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation by improving intestinal permeability and microbiota in rats","volume":"6","author":"Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(69)90064-5","article-title":"Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues","volume":"27","author":"Tietze","year":"1969","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(80)90139-6","article-title":"Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine","volume":"106","author":"Griffith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2013.05.006","article-title":"Amelioration of ethanol-induced liver injury in rats by nanogold flakes","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.024","article-title":"A positive\/negative ion-switching, targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics platform for bodily fluids, cells, and fresh and fixed tissue","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21653-y","article-title":"A multiplexed, next generation sequencing platform for high-throughput detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Aynaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2017.03.003","article-title":"Low dietary n-6\/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio prevents induced oral carcinoma in a hamster pouch model","volume":"136","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.Y., Peng, H.C., Chien, Y.W., Chen, Y.L., Lu, N.S., and Yang, S.C. (2018). Effects of fish oil on lipid metabolism and its molecular biological regulators in chronic ethanol-fed rats. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070802"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108491","article-title":"Impacts of fish oil on the gut microbiota of rats with alcoholic liver damage","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.07.008","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor improved alcohol-induced inflammation in rats","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcoholosm"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000136288","article-title":"The energy cost of the metabolism of drugs, including ethanol","volume":"7","author":"Pirola","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040451","article-title":"Interaction between alcohol and nutrition in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Mezey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01673.x","article-title":"The type of dietary fat modulates intestinal tight junction integrity, gut permeability, and hepatic toll-like receptor expression in a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"36","author":"Kirpich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0638-z","article-title":"Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans","volume":"53","author":"Krishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01546.x","article-title":"Impact of moderate alcohol consumption on histological activity and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C, and specific influence of steatosis: A prospective study","volume":"17","author":"Lonjon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.09.007","article-title":"Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 gene deficiency ameliorates hepatic injury in a mouse model of chronic binge alcohol-induced alcoholic liver disease","volume":"185","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0320059","article-title":"Synthesis and function of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein","volume":"32","author":"Gibbons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(88)90009-4","article-title":"Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on the hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins","volume":"960","author":"Venkatesan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00377.x","article-title":"Hepatic synthesis of apoproteins of very low density and high density lipoproteins in perfused rat liver: Influence of chronic heavy and moderate doses of ethanol","volume":"13","author":"Lakshman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12013","article-title":"Preservation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4\u03b1 contributes to the beneficial effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride on alcohol-induced hepatic lipid dyshomeostasis in rats","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41885-1","article-title":"Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids independently regulate low density lipoprotein receptor activity and production rate","volume":"33","author":"Woollett","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41341-0","article-title":"Differential effects of saturated fatty acids on low density lipoprotein metabolism in the guinea pig","volume":"33","author":"Fernandez","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"934","article-title":"Regulation of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in guinea pigs mediated by dietary fat quality and quantity","volume":"121","author":"Fernandez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071714-034449","article-title":"Saturated fats versus polyunsaturated fats versus carbohydrates for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-010-0131-6","article-title":"Saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: Modulation by replacement nutrients","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Modulation of experimental alcohol-induced liver disease by cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Morimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"302","article-title":"Inhibition of ethanol-induced liver disease in the intragastric feeding rat model by chlormethiazole","volume":"224","author":"Gouillon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80094-X","article-title":"Kupffer cell inactivation alleviates ethanol-induced steatosis and CYP2E1 induction but not inflammatory responses in rat liver","volume":"32","author":"Fang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22222","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2E1 contributes to ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"168","article-title":"Free radicals and not acetaldehyde influence the circulating levels of glutathione after acute or chronic alcohol abuse: In vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"29","author":"Loguercio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ital. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160619","article-title":"Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione depletion and progression of experimental alcoholic liver disease in rats","volume":"16","author":"Hirano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.03.010","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress precedes the onset of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity","volume":"57","author":"Takamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.014","article-title":"Supplementation of saturated long-chain fatty acids maintains intestinal eubiosis and reduces ethanol-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80042-6","article-title":"Serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in alcoholic liver disease and its relationship with histological disease severity","volume":"26","author":"Douds","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"G1289","article-title":"ICAM-1 is involved in the mechanism of alcohol-induced liver injury: Studies with knockout mice","volume":"280","author":"Kono","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"300","article-title":"Endotoxin and Kupffer cell activation in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Wheeler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2008.02029.x","article-title":"Soluble ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 as markers of endothelial activation","volume":"67","author":"Videm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2012.28544","article-title":"Effect of palmitic acid and linoleic acid on expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMECs)","volume":"8","author":"Sanadgol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23009","article-title":"Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"50","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"163","article-title":"Alcohol and gut-derived inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Bishehsari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G919","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00226.2013","article-title":"Dietary fat sources differentially modulate intestinal barrier and hepatic inflammation in alcohol-induced liver injury in rats","volume":"305","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.12-79","article-title":"Abnormalities in the serum phospholipids fatty acid profile in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis-a pilot study","volume":"53","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56A","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01730.x","article-title":"Abnormality in membrane fatty acid compositions of cells measured on erythrocyte in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Shiraishi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-4-30","article-title":"Assessment of erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition as a biomarker for dietary MUFA, PUFA or saturated fatty acid intake in a controlled cross-over intervention trial","volume":"4","author":"Poppitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i11.1377","article-title":"Alcoholic liver injury: Influence of gender and hormones","volume":"16","author":"Eagon","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/10\/526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:05Z","timestamp":1760143625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/10\/526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering9100526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering9100526","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]}}}