{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:36:04Z","timestamp":1790678164431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","award":["TR 1487\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR 1487\/2-1"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","award":["KO 3396\/16-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO 3396\/16-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanical behavior of the large intestine beyond the ultimate stress has never been investigated. Stretching beyond the ultimate stress may drastically impair the tissue microstructure, which consequently weakens its healthy state functions of absorption, temporary storage, and transportation for defecation. Due to closely similar microstructure and function with humans, biaxial tensile experiments on the porcine large intestine have been performed in this study. In this paper, we report hyperelastic characterization of the large intestine based on experiments in 102 specimens. We also report the theoretical analysis of the experimental results, including an exponential damage evolution function. The fracture energies and the threshold stresses are set as damage material parameters for the longitudinal muscular, the circumferential muscular and the submucosal collagenous layers. A biaxial tensile simulation of a linear brick element has been performed to validate the applicability of the estimated material parameters. The model successfully simulates the biomechanical response of the large intestine under physiological and non-physiological loads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Layer-Specific Damage Modeling of Porcine Large Intestine under Biaxial Tension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2223-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aroj","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Saarland, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte Anabell","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4363-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Staat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Mechanics and Robotics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8997-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Ngoc","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Saarland, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804437105","article-title":"Functional and comparative metagenomic analysis of bile salt hydrolase activity in the human gut microbiome","volume":"105","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. 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