{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:33:35Z","timestamp":1767652415543,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of scoliosis has been explored and debated in medicine since the first recorded texts. Scoliosis treatment has shifted over time from external modalities, such as traction and bracing, to internal stabilization techniques that leverage surgical advances. Surgical fixation constructs can generally be separated into two different modalities: dynamic vs. static constructs. For skeletally immature individuals with progressive deformities, surgical options range from traditional or magnetically controlled growing rods to vertebral body staples or tethering. For individuals who have reached skeletal maturity, many devices have been developed that provide static length constructs. Understanding the surgical options available is critical for the appropriate management of this varied patient population. With this article, we sought to provide a summary of past and present techniques and devices used in the treatment of scoliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T20:43:50Z","timestamp":1666557830000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Scoliosis: Historical Origins and Review of Current Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Block","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Tamburini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casey A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Antonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen P.","family":"Karsmarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Stelzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6630-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian J.","family":"Wellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Connecticut Children\u2019s Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199603010-00024","article-title":"Spinal deformity and axial traction","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000324520.95150.4C","article-title":"The history of spinal deformity","volume":"63","author":"Heary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"206","article-title":"Wiring the spinous processes in pott\u2019s disease","volume":"s1\u20134","author":"Hadra","year":"1891","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1013","article-title":"An operation for progressive spinal deformities. 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