{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T06:44:42Z","timestamp":1784011482104,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005677","name":"Deutsche Jos\u00e9-Carreras Leuk\u00e4mie-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR 07\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR 07\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005677","name":"Deutsche Jos\u00e9-Carreras Leuk\u00e4mie-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AH 06-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH 06-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinician Scientist program of the Philipps University of Marburg and the University Hospital of Gie\u00dfen and Marburg","award":["AR 07\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR 07\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Clinician Scientist program of the Philipps University of Marburg and the University Hospital of Gie\u00dfen and Marburg","award":["AH 06-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH 06-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cBig omics data\u201d provoke the challenge of extracting meaningful information with clinical benefit. Here, we propose a two-step approach, an initial unsupervised inspection of the structure of the high dimensional data followed by supervised analysis of gene expression levels, to reconstruct the surface patterns on different subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). First, Bayesian methodology was used, focusing on surface molecules encoded by cluster of differentiation (CD) genes to assess whether AML is a homogeneous group or segregates into clusters. Gene expressions of 390 patient samples measured using microarray technology and 150 samples measured via RNA-Seq were compared. Beyond acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a well-known AML subentity, the remaining AML samples were separated into two distinct subgroups. Next, we investigated which CD molecules would best distinguish each AML subgroup against APL, and validated discriminative molecules of both datasets by searching the scientific literature. Surprisingly, a comparison of both omics analyses revealed that CD339 was the only overlapping gene differentially regulated in APL and other AML subtypes. In summary, our two-step approach for gene expression analysis revealed two previously unknown subgroup distinctions in AML based on surface molecule expression, which may guide the differentiation of subentities in a given clinical\u2013diagnostic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9110642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T06:47:01Z","timestamp":1667458021000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Bioinformatics View on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Surface Molecules by Combined Bayesian and ABC Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9542-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Thrun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Stra\u00dfe, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-494X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth K. M.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Haferlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MLL M\u00fcnchner Leuk\u00e4mielabor GmbH, Max Lebsche Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Frech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Ultsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Stra\u00dfe, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1612-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Brendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12634","article-title":"Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types","volume":"502","author":"Kandoth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.035","article-title":"Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in The Cancer Genome Atlas","volume":"173","author":"Mina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.46.8934","article-title":"Genomics-Driven Oncology: Framework for an Emerging Paradigm","volume":"31","author":"Garraway","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.19","article-title":"A new genome-driven integrated classification of breast cancer and its implications","volume":"32","author":"Dawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1516192","article-title":"Genomic Classification and Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"374","author":"Papaemmanuil","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-01-894980","article-title":"Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: Updated recommendations from an expert panel of the European LeukemiaNet","volume":"133","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-733196","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel","volume":"129","author":"Estey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-643544","article-title":"The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Arber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-801498","article-title":"Minimal\/measurable residual disease in AML: A consensus document from the European LeukemiaNet MRD Working Party","volume":"131","author":"Schuurhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ultsch, A., and Lotsch, J. (2015). Computed ABC Analysis for Rational Selection of Most Informative Variables in Multivariate Data. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129767"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.4732","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Microarray-Based Gene Expression Profiling in the Diagnosis and Subclassification of Leukemia: Report From the International Microarray Innovations in Leukemia Study Group","volume":"28","author":"Haferlach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2013). Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med., 368, 2059\u20132074.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301689"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016867","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2022 recommendations from an international expert panel on behalf of the ELN","volume":"140","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrun, M.C., Gehlert, T., and Ultsch, A. (2020). Analyzing the fine structure of distributions. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238835"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25897","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161025897","article-title":"Identification of Molecular Fingerprints in Human Heat Pain Thresholds by Use of an Interactive Mixture Model R Toolbox (AdaptGauss)","volume":"16","author":"Ultsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502760047131","article-title":"Model-Based Clustering, Discriminant Analysis, and Density Estimation","volume":"97","author":"Fraley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730256","article-title":"Table for Estimating the Goodness of Fit of Empirical Distributions","volume":"19","author":"Smirnov","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2020.100642","article-title":"Fundamental clustering algorithms suite","volume":"13","author":"Thrun","year":"2021","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrun, M.C. (2018). Projection Based Clustering through Self-Organization and Swarm Intelligence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-20540-9"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Hedges, L.V., and Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1976.tb03563.x","article-title":"Proposals for the Classification of the Acute Leukaemias French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group","volume":"33","author":"Bennett","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20175","article-title":"AML M3 and AML M3 variant each have a distinct gene expression signature but also share patterns different from other genetically defined AML subtypes","volume":"43","author":"Haferlach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Chromosom. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.142103599","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemias with reciprocal rearrangements can be distinguished by specific gene expression profiles","volume":"99","author":"Schoch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.12.012","article-title":"Coexistence of LMPP-like and GMP-like Leukemia Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Goardon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"64","article-title":"Definition of acute biphenotypic leukemia","volume":"82","author":"Matutes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.68","article-title":"Notch signaling in acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Grieselhuber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.633","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of Notch1 and Jagged1 expression in normal blood cells and leukemia cells","volume":"4","author":"Kanamori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(03)00187-5","article-title":"CD84 expression on human hematopoietic progenitor cells","volume":"31","author":"Zaiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.198","article-title":"Activation of the complement cascade enhances motility of leukemic cells by downregulating expression of HO-1","volume":"31","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e505","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.185306","article-title":"Loss of DEP-1 (Ptprj) promotes myeloproliferative disease in FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"103","author":"Kresinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"6846","article-title":"The epithelial tumor antigen MUC1 is expressed in hematological malignancies and is recognized by MUC1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes","volume":"61","author":"Brossart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2008.04.015","article-title":"Mucin1 expression is enriched in the human stem cell fraction of cord blood and is upregulated in majority of the AML cases","volume":"36","author":"Fatrai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-022-00390-4","article-title":"Integrated multiomic approach for identification of novel immunotherapeutic targets in AML","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.6846","article-title":"CD33 Expression and Its Association With Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin Response: Results From the Randomized Phase III Children\u2019s Oncology Group Trial AAML0531","volume":"34","author":"Pollard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.64.0060","article-title":"Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin Versus Best Supportive Care in Older Patients with Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia Unsuitable for Intensive Chemotherapy: Results of the Randomized Phase III EORTC-GIMEMA AML-19 Trial","volume":"34","author":"Amadori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.819100","article-title":"Significance of CD71 expression by flow cytometry in diagnosis of acute leukemia","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62377","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11481","article-title":"Tetraspanin CD81 is an adverse prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Boyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-153-IOMCAT","article-title":"Immunoreactivity of MIC2 (CD99) and Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase in Bone Marrow Clot and Core Specimens of Acute Myeloid Leukemias and Myelodysplastic Syndromes","volume":"130","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-4608(93)90026-I","article-title":"Translocation of CD3D gene in an acute myeloid leukemia (M5) with t(11;17)(q23;21)","volume":"71","author":"Pereira","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Genet. Cytogenet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12929","article-title":"TheCD9+CD11b\u2212HLA-DR\u2212immunophenotype can be used to diagnose acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"41","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPW9TSLQNCZAVT","article-title":"Flow Cytometry Rapidly Identifies All Acute Promyelocytic Leukemias With High Specificity Independent of Underlying Cytogenetic Abnormalities","volume":"135","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-015-1923-9","article-title":"Stepwise discriminant function analysis for rapid identification of acute promyelocytic leukemia from acute myeloid leukemia with multiparameter flow cytometry","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2126(91)90056-Y","article-title":"CD9 antigen on acute non-lymphoid leukemia cells: Preferential expression by promyelocytic (M3) subtype","volume":"15","author":"Ferrero","year":"1991","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03642-w","article-title":"A novel flow cytometric method for enhancing acute promyelocytic leukemia screening by multidimensional dot-plots","volume":"98","author":"Ujfalusi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"405","article-title":"The flow cytometric pattern of CD34, CD15 and CD13 expression in acute myeloblastic leukemia is highly characteristic of the presence of PML-RARalpha gene rearrangements","volume":"84","author":"Orfao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPQU9R3FSLKFMI","article-title":"Usefulness of CD11a and CD18 in Flow Cytometric Immunophenotypic Analysis for Diagnosis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia","volume":"138","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/101.3.296","article-title":"Expression of CD24 (BA-1) Predicts Monocytic Lineage in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"101","author":"Raife","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20032226","article-title":"PML\u2013RARA-RXR Oligomers Mediate Retinoid and Rexinoid\/cAMP Cross-Talk in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Differentiation","volume":"199","author":"Kamashev","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500262","article-title":"Defective NK Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients at Diagnosis Are Associated with Blast Transcriptional Signatures of Immune Evasion","volume":"195","author":"Khaznadar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1426","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid induces CD52 expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2000.80097.x","article-title":"Expression of complement regulatory proteins CR1, DAF, MCP and CD59in haematological malignancies","volume":"64","author":"Guc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.192823","article-title":"Transglutaminase 2 programs differentiating acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in all-trans retinoic acid treatment to inflammatory stage through NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"104","author":"Jambrovics","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6917.1000230","article-title":"Membranous Expression of pan CD66, CD66a, CD66b, and CD66c and their Clinical Impact in Acute Leukemia: Cross Sectional Longitudinal Cohort Study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leuk."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-124031","article-title":"Human CD83 Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell for the Prevention of Graft Versus Host Disease and Treatment of Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"134","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.03023.x","article-title":"Dendritic cells in acute promyelocytic leukaemia","volume":"114","author":"Rigolin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-011-9993-x","article-title":"Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (CD87) as a prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"29","author":"Atfy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.10.003","article-title":"CD98-Mediated Adhesive Signaling Enables the Establishment and Propagation of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Bajaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V126.23.3809.3809","article-title":"A Phase I Study of IGN523, a Novel Anti-CD98 Monoclonal Antibody in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)","volume":"126","author":"Bixby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98561","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98561","article-title":"Universal monitoring of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"3","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00536-x","article-title":"Targeting of IL-10R on acute myeloid leukemia blasts with chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-0103-x","article-title":"Integrated analysis of patient samples identifies biomarkers for venetoclax efficacy and combination strategies in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402943","article-title":"Expression of CD1d by myelomonocytic leukemias provides a target for cytotoxic NKT cells","volume":"17","author":"Metelitsa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1516875","article-title":"An analysis of the impact of CD56 expression in de novo acute promyelocytic leukemia patients treated with upfront all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline-based regimens","volume":"60","author":"Sobas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199509051710","article-title":"CD7 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"17","author":"Stasi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.9.3401","article-title":"A Strong Expression of CD44-6v Correlates With Shorter Survival of Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"91","author":"Legras","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1309\/UXCDG9PWN7G89Y54","article-title":"CD79a Is Heterogeneously Expressed in Neoplastic and Normal Myeloid Precursors and Megakaryocytes in an Antibody Clone\u2013Dependent Manner","volume":"128","author":"Bhargava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1105","article-title":"CD79 alpha expression in acute myeloid leukemia. High frequency of expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"149","author":"Arber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001124","article-title":"Highly multiplexed proteomic assessment of human bone marrow in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"4","author":"Lindblad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813666116","article-title":"Multiomics of azacitidine-treated AML cells reveals variable and convergent targets that remodel the cell-surface proteome","volume":"116","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallazzi, M., Ucciero, M.A.M., Faraci, D.G., Mahmoud, A.M., Al Essa, W., Gaidano, G., Mouhssine, S., and Cris\u00e0, E. (2022). New Frontiers in Monoclonal Antibodies for the Targeted Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147542"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300874","article-title":"Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia","volume":"369","author":"Avvisati","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.07.004","article-title":"CD3D and PRKCQ work together to discriminate between B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"77","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Sheng, Q., Li, J., Ye, F., Samuels, D.C., and Shyr, Y. (2013). Large Scale Comparison of Gene Expression Levels by Microarrays and RNAseq Using TCGA Data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071462"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"217","article-title":"Cluster Analysis of Per Capita Gross Domestic Products","volume":"7","author":"Thrun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entrep. Bus. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Thrun, M., and Ultsch, A. (2015). Models of Income Distributions for Knowledge Discovery. European Conference on Data Analysis, University of Essex."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01622-0","article-title":"A ten-gene DNA-damage response pathway gene expression signature predicts gemtuzumab ozogamicin response in pediatric AML patients treated on COGAAML0531 and AAML03P1 trials","volume":"36","author":"Gbadamosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/11\/642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:58Z","timestamp":1760144998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/9\/11\/642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering9110642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering9110642","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]}}}