{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:30:20Z","timestamp":1792081820883,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive in various fields of regenerative medicine due to their therapeutic potential and complex unique properties. Basic stem cell research and the global COVID-19 pandemic have given impetus to the development of cell therapy for infectious diseases. The aim of this review was to systematize scientific data on the applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in the combined treatment of infectious diseases. Application of MSCs and MSC-EVs in the treatment of infectious diseases has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects, and also promotes the restoration of the epithelium and stimulates tissue regeneration. The use of MSC-EVs is a promising cell-free treatment strategy that allows solving the problems associated with the safety of cell therapy and increasing its effectiveness. In this review, experimental data and clinical trials based on MSCs and MSC-EVs for the treatment of infectious diseases are presented. MSCs and MSC-EVs can be a promising tool for the treatment of various infectious diseases, particularly in combination with antiviral drugs. Employment of MSC-derived EVs represents a more promising strategy for cell-free treatment, demonstrating a high therapeutic potential in preclinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9110662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T11:46:43Z","timestamp":1667908003000},"page":"662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cells and MSCs-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Infectious Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Yudintceva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg 194064, Russia"},{"name":"Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1650-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Mikhailova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg 194064, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0239-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viacheslav","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Samochernych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Vinogradova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6974-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr","family":"Muraviov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8539-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Shevtsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg 194064, Russia"},{"name":"Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-022-00784-3","article-title":"Travel in the Time of COVID: A Review of international travel health in a global pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Flaherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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