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To address this issue, continuous efforts are devoted in human\u2013machine interaction (HMI) technology, which aims to capture and recognize users\u2019 intentions and fulfil their needs via physical response. Based on the physiological structure of the human hand, a dimension-adjustable linkage-driven hand exoskeleton with 10 active degrees of freedom (DoFs) and 3 passive DoFs is proposed in this study, which grants high-level synergy with the human hand. Considering the weight of the adopted linkage design, the hand exoskeleton can be mounted on the existing up-limb exoskeleton system, which greatly diminishes the burden for users. Three rehabilitation\/daily life assistance modes are developed (namely, robot-in-charge, therapist-in-charge, and patient-in-charge modes) to meet specific personal needs. To realize HMI, a thin-film force sensor matrix and Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) are installed in both the hand exoskeleton and the corresponding controller. Outstanding sensor\u2013machine synergy is confirmed by trigger rate evaluation, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), and a confusion matrix. To recognize user intention, a genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to search for the optimal hyperparameters of a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and the average intention-recognition accuracy for the eight actions\/gestures examined reaches 97.1% (based on K-fold cross-validation). The hand exoskeleton system provides the possibility for people with limited exercise ability to conduct self-rehabilitation and complex daily activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9110682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Hand Exoskeleton Design and Human\u2013Machine Interaction Strategies for Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kang","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1137-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianglei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4362-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Articular Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangrui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Articular Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Articular Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-111","article-title":"Training modalities in robot-mediated upper limb rehabilitation in stroke: A framework for classification based on a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Basteris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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