{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1787579059972,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several musculoskeletal conditions are triggered by inflammatory processes that occur along with imbalances between anabolic and catabolic events. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous product derived from peripheral blood with inherent immunomodulatory and anabolic properties. The clinical efficacy of PRP has been evaluated in several musculoskeletal conditions, including osteoarthritis, tendinopathy, and osteonecrosis. When used in combination with hyaluronic acid (HA), a common treatment alternative, the regenerative properties of PRP are significantly enhanced and may provide additional benefits in terms of clinical outcomes. Recently, a new PRP-derived product has been reported in the literature and is being referred to as \u201cplasma gel\u201d. Plasma gels are obtained by polymerizing plasmatic proteins, which form solid thermal aggregates cross-linked with fibrin networks. Plasma gels are considered to be a rich source of growth factors and provide chemotactic, migratory, and proliferative properties. Additionally, clot formation and the associated fibrinolytic reactions play an additional role in tissue repair. There are only a few scientific articles focusing on plasma gels. Historically, they have been utilized in the fields of aesthetics and dentistry. Given that the combination of three products (PRP, HA, and plasma gel) could enhance tissue repair and wound healing, in this technical note, we propose a novel regenerative approach, named \u201cPRP\u2013HA cellular gel matrix\u201d (PRP-GM), in which leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) is mixed with a plasma gel (obtained by heating the plasma up) and HA in one syringe using a three-way stopcock. The final product contains a fibrin\u2013albumin network entangled with HA\u2019s polymers, in which the cells and biomolecules derived from PRP are attached and released gradually as fibrinolytic reactions and hyaluronic acid degradation occur. The presence of leukocytes, especially monocytes and macrophages, promotes tissue regeneration, as type 2 macrophages (M2) possess an anti-inflammatory feature. In addition, HA promotes the viscosuplementation of the joint and induces an anti-inflammatory response, resulting in pain relief. This unique combination of biological molecules may contribute to the optimization of regenerative protocols suitable for the treatment of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9120817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1671440709000},"page":"817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Platelet-Rich Plasma Gel Matrix (PRP-GM): Description of a New Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9192-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thales Thiago Ferreira","family":"Godoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04024-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-2950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Lima","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo 13334-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephany Cares","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo 13334-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2258-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena Andrade","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Association for Research in Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo 15015-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Furtado","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04024-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo 13334-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Silva","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo 13334-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Ohana Marques","family":"Azzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo 13334-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Mosaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prime Regen, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Paulus-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Academy and Board of Regenerative Medicine, Lakewood, CO 80401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F\u00e1bio Santos Duarte","family":"Lana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo 13334-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15226\/2374-6904\/4\/2\/00156","article-title":"Physiology of Blood Components in Wound Healing: An Appreciation of Cellular Co-Operativity in Platelet Rich Plasma Action","volume":"4","author":"Parrish","year":"2017","journal-title":"JESO"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155560","article-title":"The Regenerative Mechanisms of Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Review","volume":"144","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.03.003","article-title":"The Delicate Balance between Fat and Muscle: Adipokines in Metabolic Disease and Musculoskeletal Inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Nawrocki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. 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