{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:40:23Z","timestamp":1788986423513,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Professional athletes are expected to continuously improve their performance, and some might also use illegal methods\u2014e.g., autologous blood doping (ABD)\u2014to achieve improvements. This article applies a systematic literature review to investigate differences in the ABD methods and the related performance and blood parameters owing to different storage conditions\u2014cryopreservation (CP) and cold storage (CS)\u2014and different storage durations. The literature research resulted in 34 original articles. The majority of currently published studies employed CS during ABD. This contrasts to the applied storage technique in professional sports, which was mainly reported to be CP. The second outcome of the literature research revealed large differences in the storage durations applied, which were in the range of one day to 17 weeks between blood sampling and re-infusion, which might affect recovery of the red blood cell mass and thus performance outcome related to ABD. Data revealed that performance parameters were positively affected by ABD when a minimal storage duration of four weeks was adhered. This article identified a need for further research that reflect common ABD practice and its real effects on performance parameters, but also on related blood parameters in order to develop valid and reliable ABD detection methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T10:04:46Z","timestamp":1609236286000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relation between Exercise Performance and Blood Storage Condition and Storage Time in Autologous Blood Doping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Seeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50677 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijke","family":"Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50677 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Doping und Dopingpr\u00e4vention: Kenntnisse, einstellungen und erwartungen von Athleten und trainern Doping and Doping Prevention: Knowledge, Attitudes and Expectations of Athletes and Coaches","volume":"60","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch. Z. Sportmed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorbok, D. (2017). Zur Strafbarkeit nach dem Anti-Doping-Gesetz, Herbert Utz Verlag.","DOI":"10.5771\/9783831673438"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2011.09.007","article-title":"Detection of autologous blood transfusions in athletes: A historical perspective","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199928010-00003","article-title":"The future of doping control in athletes","volume":"28","author":"Birkland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"207","article-title":"Blood Boosting and Sport","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Mottram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs in Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","article-title":"Blood doping: Then and now. A narrative review of the history, science and efficacy of blood doping in elite sport","volume":"32","author":"Bassett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5960\/dzsm.2016.242","article-title":"Features of Blood Doping: Merkmale von Blutdoping","volume":"67","author":"Jelkmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch. Z. Sportmed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31823bcfb6","article-title":"Hemoglobin mass and biological passport for the detection of autologous blood doping","volume":"44","author":"Pottgiesser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Marina, S. (2020, October 27). Operation Aderlass: \u201cEin Eindeutiges Licht auf die Dopingsituation\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.deutschlandfunk.de\/operation-aderlass-ein-eindeutiges-licht-auf-die.1346.de.html?dram:article_id=485211."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Fiedler, M. (2020, October 22). Operation Aderlass: Angeklagter Arzt legt in Dopingprozess Umfassendes Gest\u00e4ndnis ab. Available online: https:\/\/www.spiegel.de\/sport\/operation-aderlass-arzt-legt-in-doping-prozess-umfassendes-gestaendnis-ab-a-9be6fdba-9e20-4970-bf30-2614a76eda7e."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Behr, M. (2011). Grenzwertig: Aus dem Leben eines Dopingdealers, Riva Sportverlag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.007195","article-title":"Blood boosting","volume":"38","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4nzer, W., Geyer, H., Gotzmann, A., and Mareck, M. (2005). Blood monitoring in antidoping setting. Recent Advances in Doping Analysis: Sport und Buch, Sportverlag Strau\u00df."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.23.2.84","article-title":"Blood doping\u2014A literature review","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolkers, W.F., and Oldenhof, H. (2015). Cryopreservation of red blood cells. Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2193-5"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1105938","article-title":"Screening for autologous blood transfusions","volume":"30","author":"Belhage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bizjak, D.A., Grolle, A., Urena, J.A.N., Bloch, W., Deitenbeck, R., and Grau, M. (2020). Monitoring of RBC rheology after cryopreservation to detect autologous blood doping in vivo? A pilot study. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 1\u201313. preprint.","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-200887"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255063","article-title":"The hematocrit paradox\u2014How does blood doping really work?","volume":"32","author":"Maassen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0204-1","article-title":"Autologous Blood Transfusion Enhances Exercise Performance-Strength of the Evidence and Physiological Mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Solheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001837","article-title":"Time Trial Performance is Sensitive to Low-Volume Autologous Blood Transfusion","volume":"51","author":"Bejder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and Prisma, G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"MDPI (2020, December 25). Publishing Standards and Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/editorial_process#standards."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/10408360600755313","article-title":"Biochemistry, physiology, and complications of blood doping: Facts and speculation","volume":"43","author":"Lippi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"30","article-title":"Erythropoietin a review","volume":"8","author":"Dowling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198805020-00004","article-title":"Development of techniques for the detection of blood doping in sport","volume":"5","author":"Berglund","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"881","article-title":"Detection of homologous blood transfusion by flow cytometry: A deterrent against blood doping","volume":"87","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Proof of homologous blood transfusion through quantification of blood group antigens","volume":"88","author":"Nelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-965076","article-title":"Detection of homologous blood transfusion","volume":"28","author":"Voss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"561","article-title":"A global strategy for prevention and detection of blood doping with erythropoietin and related drugs","volume":"85","author":"Cazzola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"570","article-title":"Hematologic passport for athletes competing in endurance sports: A feasibility study","volume":"88","author":"Malcovati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"333","article-title":"Second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes","volume":"88","author":"Gore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"WADA (2020, November 10). Athlete Biological Passport Operating Guidelines and Compilation of Required Elements. Volume 2.1. Available online: https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/files\/WADA_ABP_OperatingGuidelines_EN_2.1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"190","article-title":"Altitude exposure in sports: The Athlete Biological Passport standpoint","volume":"6","author":"Brioche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.405","article-title":"Detection methods for autologous blood doping","volume":"4","author":"Segura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Thieme, D., and Hemmersbach, P. (2010). The athlete\u2019s biological passport and indirect markers of blood doping. Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2018.08.001","article-title":"Cryopreservation of red blood cells: Effect on rheologic properties and associated metabolic and nitric oxide related parameters","volume":"84","author":"Bizjak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cade, W.T., Bohnert, K.L., Reeda, D.N., Peterson, L.R., Bittel, A.J., Bashir, A., Byrne, B.J., and Taylor, C.L. (2018). Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) across childhood, adolescence and young adulthood in Barth syndrome: Data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197776"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hollmann, W., Str\u00fcder, K., Predel, H.-G., and Tagarakis, C. (2006). Kardiopulmonale Leistungsdiagnostik des Gesunden und Kranken, Schattauer."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.1.57","article-title":"Maximal aerobic capacity testing of older adults: A critical review","volume":"60","author":"Huggett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00850.2017","article-title":"VO2peak is an acceptable estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness but not VO2max","volume":"125","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-019-00585-7","article-title":"A comparison of different methods to analyse data collected during time-to-exhaustion tests","volume":"15","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31806010f5","article-title":"Reliability of time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial running tests in runners","volume":"39","author":"Laursen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13918","article-title":"A randomized controlled pilot study of VO2 max testing: A potential model for measuring relative in vivo efficacy of different red blood cell products","volume":"57","author":"Lockhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusions"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198912000-00002","article-title":"Effects of blood transfusions on some hematological variables in endurance athletes","volume":"21","author":"Berglund","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025661","article-title":"Effect of reinfusion of autologous blood on exercise performance in cross-country skiers","volume":"8","author":"Berglund","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025643","article-title":"Detection of autologous blood transfusions in cross-country skiers","volume":"8","author":"Berglund","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390200101022","article-title":"The effects of red blood cell infusion on 10-km race time","volume":"257","author":"Brien","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.48.4.636","article-title":"Effect of induced erythrocythemia on aerobic work capacity","volume":"48","author":"Buick","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.4.1358","article-title":"Effect of long-term anemia and retransfusion on central circulation during exercise","volume":"61","author":"Celsing","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1987.tb08038.x","article-title":"Effects of anaemia and stepwise-induced polycythaemia on maximal aerobic power in individuals with high and low haemoglobin concentrations","volume":"129","author":"Celsing","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.2.175","article-title":"Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion","volume":"33","author":"Ekblom","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.40.3.379","article-title":"Central circulation during exercise after venesection and reinfusion of red blood cells","volume":"40","author":"Ekblom","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goforth, J.H.W., Hodgdon, J.A., Sucec, A.A., Campbell, N.L., and Rasmussen, W.T. (1999). Effect of Induced Erythrocythemia on Aerobic Capacity, Ventilatory Threshold, and Run Performance, Naval Health Research Center.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA370133"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1960.tb02074.x","article-title":"The effect of blood volume variations on the pulse rate in supine and upright positions and during exercise","volume":"50","author":"Gullbring","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198406000-00010","article-title":"Blood volume and hemoglobin concentration as determinants of maximal aerobic power","volume":"16","author":"Kanstrup","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"43","article-title":"Experimental study of the relationship between the blood hemoglobin concentration and phyiscal aerobic working capacity","volume":"4","author":"Kots","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1837-7","article-title":"Changes in hemoglobin profile reflect autologous blood transfusion misuse in sports","volume":"13","author":"Lamberti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malm, C.B., Khoo, N.S., Granlund, I., Lindstedt, E., and Hult, A. (2016). Autologous doping with cryo-preserved red blood cells\u2013effects on physical performance and detection by multivariate statistics. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156157"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Elite Special Forces: Physiological Description and Ergogenic Influence of Blood Infusion","volume":"58","author":"Muza","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Envon. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01719.x","article-title":"Recovery of hemoglobin mass after blood donation","volume":"48","author":"Pottgiesser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318123e8a6","article-title":"Hb mass measurement suitable to screen for illicit autologous blood transfusions","volume":"39","author":"Pottgiesser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.2.568","article-title":"Hemoglobin concentration and aerobic work capacity in women following induced erythrocythemia","volume":"57","author":"Robertson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.19.1.26","article-title":"Circulatory effects of acute expansion of blood volume: Studies during maximal exercise and at rest","volume":"19","author":"Robinson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0182-4","article-title":"Study of a new indirect method based on absolute norms of variation to detect autologous blood transfusion","volume":"88","author":"Sallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.3.912","article-title":"Influence of polycythemia on blood volume and thermoregulation during exercise-heat stress","volume":"62","author":"Sawka","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390110072029","article-title":"Erythrocyte reinfusion and maximal aerobic power: An examination of modifying factors","volume":"257","author":"Sawka","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.5.1942","article-title":"Effect of graded erythrocythemia on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise","volume":"61","author":"Spriet","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"72","article-title":"The effects of blood reinfusion during prolonged, heavy exercise. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences","volume":"8","author":"Thomson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Can. Des Sci. Appl. Au Sport"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.5.1213","article-title":"O2 transport during exercise following blood reinfusion","volume":"53","author":"Thomson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(93)90017-5","article-title":"Limitations to VO2max in humans after blood retransfusion","volume":"92","author":"Turner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effect of blood reinjection upon endurance capacity and heart rate","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"1973","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"113","article-title":"The effect of blood infusion upon endurance capacity and ratings of perceived exertion","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"1978","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198103000-00004","article-title":"The effect of induced erythrocythemia upon 5-mile treadmill run time","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12926","article-title":"Time course for the recovery of physical performance, blood hemoglobin, and ferritin content after blood donation","volume":"55","author":"Ziegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-141850","article-title":"Decrease in red blood cell deformability is associated with a reduction in RBC-NOS activation during storage","volume":"60","author":"Grau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03466.x","article-title":"Transfusion of older stored blood and risk of death: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.06.018","article-title":"Apatite nanoparticles strongly improve red blood cell cryopreservation by mediating trehalose delivery via enhanced membrane permeation","volume":"140","author":"Stefanic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12130","article-title":"Measures of stored red blood cell quality","volume":"107","author":"Hess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.1519","article-title":"Synergistic effects of liposomes, trehalose, and hydroxyethyl starch for cryopreservation of human erythrocytes","volume":"28","author":"Stoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03100.x","article-title":"Storage lesion: Role of red blood cell breakdown","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"27","article-title":"Red blood cell storage lesion: Causes and potential clinical consequences","volume":"17","author":"Yoshida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"226","article-title":"Deformability based sorting of stored red bloodcells reveals donor-dependent aging curves","volume":"20","author":"Islamzada","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160850","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160850","article-title":"How do red blood cells know when to die?","volume":"4","author":"Arias","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bizjak, D.A., Brinkmann, C., Bloch, W., and Grau, M. (2015). Increase in red blood cell-nitric oxide synthase dependent nitric oxide production during red blood cell aging in health and disease: A study on age dependent changes of rheologic and enzymatic properties in red blood cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125206"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2012.02.004","article-title":"Red blood cell processing for cryopreservation: From fresh blood to deglycerolization","volume":"48","author":"Pallotta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.276.6.H2188","article-title":"Greater erythrocyte deformability in world-class endurance athletes","volume":"276","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Effects of blood withdrawal and reinfusion on biomarkers of erythropoiesis in humans: Implications for anti-doping strategies","volume":"91","author":"Damsgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Kornes, A. (2019). Verhafteter Doping-Arzt Hortete in Seiner Garage 40 Blutbeutel, Augsburger Allgemeine."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"De Mar\u00e9es, H. (2003). Sportphysiologie (9. Aufl.), Sportverlag Strau\u00df."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Weineck, J. (2010). Sportbiologie (10. Aufl.), Spitta."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"441","article-title":"Preoperative red cell production in patients undergoing aggressive autologous blood phlebotomy with and without erythropoietin therapy","volume":"32","author":"Goodnough","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.suppl_5.14","article-title":"The role of iron in erythropoiesis in the absence and presence of erythropoietin therapy","volume":"17","author":"Goodnough","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91895-F","article-title":"Recombinant human erythropoietin for autologous blood donation: Effects on perioperative red-blood-cell and serum erythropoietin production","volume":"339","author":"Tasaki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.5530040302","article-title":"The Mechanism of Action of Erythropoietin","volume":"4","author":"Spivak","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Cloning"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"6258","article-title":"From stem cell to red cell: Regulation of erythropoiesis at multiple levels bymultiple proteins, RNAs, and chromatin modifications","volume":"118","author":"Hattangadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1985.01390300067012","article-title":"Rapid restoration of red blood cell mass in severely anemic surgical patients who refuse transfusion","volume":"120","author":"Dudrick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1991.31791368345.x","article-title":"Serial immunoreactive erythropoietin levels in autologous blood donors","volume":"31","author":"Lorentz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2001.41050602.x","article-title":"Prolonged iron depletion afterallogeneic 2-unit RBC apheresis","volume":"41","author":"Mayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.K., and Williams, G.H. (2018). Erythropoiesis: The Roles of Erythropoietin and Iron. Textbook of Nephro-Endocrinology, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803247-3.00012-X"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"xiii","article-title":"Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review","volume":"26","author":"Webster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mis Q."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/10\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:13Z","timestamp":1760179633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/10\/1\/14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biology10010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10010014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]}}}