{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:44:06Z","timestamp":1793313846625,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18J01881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18J01881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The structure of the first toe is independent of that of the other toes, while the functional difference remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the force generation characteristics between the plantar-flexion of the first and second\u2013fifth metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJs) by comparing the maximal voluntary plantar-flexion torques (MVC torque) at different MTPJs and ankle positions. The MVC torques of the first and second\u2013fifth MTPJs were measured at 0\u00b0, 15\u00b0, 30\u00b0, and 45\u00b0 dorsiflexed positions of the MTPJs, and at 20\u00b0 plantar-flexed, neutral, and 20\u00b0 dorsiflexed positions of the ankle. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance with Holm\u2019s multiple comparison test (MTPJ position \u00d7 ankle position) were performed. When the MTPJ was dorsiflexed at 0\u00b0, 15\u00b0, and 30\u00b0, the MVC torque of the first MTPJ when the ankle was dorsiflexed at 20\u00b0 was higher than that when the ankle was plantar-flexed at 20\u00b0. However, the ankle position had no significant effect on the MVC torque of the second\u2013fifth MTPJ. Thus, the MVC torque of the first MTPJ was more affected by the ankle position than the second\u2013fifth MTPJs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T14:28:53Z","timestamp":1610461733000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Force Generation on the Hallux Is More Affected by the Ankle Joint Angle than the Lesser Toes: An In Vivo Human Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junya","family":"Saeki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Iwanuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education &amp; Human Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senjusakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suguru","family":"Torii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3056-x","article-title":"Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles during walking","volume":"115","author":"Zelik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. 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