{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:47:07Z","timestamp":1760233627426,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Our previous studies showed elevated levels of Semaphorin3a (Sema3A) in the urine of patients with urothelial cancer compared to healthy patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the extent of Sema3A expression in normal and malignant urothelial tissue using immune-staining microscopic and morphometric analysis. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven paraffin-embedded bladder samples were retrieved from our pathology archive and analyzed: 14 samples of normal urothelium, 21 samples containing low-grade urothelial carcinoma, 13 samples of patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma, 7 samples containing muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma, and 2 samples with pure urothelial carcinoma in situ. All samples were immunostained with anti Sema3A antibodies. The area of tissue stained with Sema3A and its intensity were analyzed using computerized morphometry and compared between the samples\u2019 groups. Results: In normal bladder tissue, very light Sema3A staining was demonstrated on the mucosal basal layer and completely disappeared on the apical layer. In low-grade tumor samples, cells in the basal layer of the mucosa were also lightly stained with Sema3A, but Seama3A expression intensified upon moving apically, reaching its highest level on apical cells exfoliating to the urine. In high grade urothelial tumors, Seama3A staining was intense in the entire thickness of the mucosa. In samples containing carcinoma in situ, staining intensity was high and homogenous in all the neoplastic cells. Conclusions: Sema3A may be serve as a potential non-invasive marker of urothelial cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T11:54:31Z","timestamp":1612353271000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expression of Semaphorin 3A in Malignant and Normal Bladder Tissue: Immunohistochemistry Staining and Morphometric Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ilan","family":"Bejar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Urology, Shamir Medical Center, Be\u2019er Ya\u2019akov 6093000, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Mathematics Technion, Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Bejar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Pathology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmond","family":"Sabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Pathology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 34361, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilla K","family":"Sheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Pathology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 34361, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaher","family":"Bahouth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarel","family":"Halachmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahava","family":"Vadasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Unit, Division of Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.07.062","article-title":"Bladder cancer: Epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis","volume":"66","author":"Kirkali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.016","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (TaT1 and Carcinoma In Situ)\u20142019 Update","volume":"76","author":"Babjuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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