{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:44:19Z","timestamp":1760402659706,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"Plan Nacional sobre Drogas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017I033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017I033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The accurate assessment of fetal exposure to psychoactive substances provides the basis for appropriate clinical care of neonates. The objective of this study was to identify maternal socio-demographic profiles and risk factors for prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse by measuring biomarkers in neonatal matrices. Methods: A prospective, observational cohort study was completed. Biomarkers of fetal exposure were measured in meconium samples. The mothers were interviewed using a questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 372 mothers were included, 49 (13.2%) testing positive for psychoactive substances use: 24 (49.0%) for cannabis, 11 (22.5%) for ethyl glucuronide, six (12.2%) for cocaine, and in eight (16.3%) more than one psychoactive substance. Mothers who consumed any psychoactive substance (29.7 \u00b1 6.6 years) or cannabis (27.0 \u00b1 5.7 years) were younger than non-users (32.8 \u00b1 6.2 years, p &lt; 0.05). Cocaine (50.0% vs. 96.9%, p &lt; 0.05) and polydrug users (37.5% vs. 96.9%, p &lt; 0.05) showed a lower levels of pregnancy care. Previous abortions were associated with the use of two or more psychoactive substances (87.5% vs. 37.8%, p &lt; 0.05). Single-mother families (14.3% vs. 2.5%, p &lt; 0.05) and mothers with primary level education (75.5% vs. 55.1%, p &lt; 0.05) presented a higher consumption of psychoactive substances. Independent risk factors that are associated with prenatal exposure include: maternal age &lt; 24 years (odds ratio: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.12\u20135.87), lack of pregnancy care (odds ratio: 7.27; 95%CI: 2.51\u201321.02), single-mother families (odds ratio: 4.98; 95%CI: 1.37\u20138.13), and active tobacco smoking (odds ratio: 8.13; 95%CI: 4.03\u201316.43). Conclusions: These results will allow us to develop several risk-based drug screening approaches to improve the early detection of exposed neonates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Role of Neonatal Biomarkers of Exposure to Psychoactive Substances to Identify Maternal Socio-Demographic Determinants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pilar","family":"Jarque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Son Espases University Hospital, Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Multidisciplinary Research Group, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Son Espases University Hospital, Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Multidisciplinary Research Group, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7427-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Gomila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analysis Service, Son Ll\u00e0tzer University Hospital, Manacor Road, 07198 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Research Group, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Marchei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Tittarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Elorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Research Group, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Analysis Service, Clinical Toxicology Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8565-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Sanch\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Valldemossa Road, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Vascular and Metabolic Pathologies, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardino","family":"Barcel\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Research Group, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Analysis Service, Clinical Toxicology Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, Valldemossa Road, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.07.005","article-title":"Epidemiology and Effects of Substance Use in Pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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