{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T20:51:42Z","timestamp":1785099102973,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK62813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK62813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan","award":["15H02657, 16H05191, 16H06279, 18KK0266, and 19H03473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H02657, 16H05191, 16H06279, 18KK0266, and 19H03473"]}]},{"name":"Hibah Riset Mandat 2020 Universitas Airlangga","award":["377\/UN3.14\/PT\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["377\/UN3.14\/PT\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CYP2C19 polymorphisms are important factors for proton pump inhibitor-based therapy. We examined the CYP2C19 genotypes and analyzed the distribution among ethnicities and clinical outcomes in Indonesia. We employed the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to determine the CYP2C19 genotypes and evaluated inflammation severity with the updated Sydney system. For CYP2C19*2, 46.4% were the homozygous wild-type allele, 14.5% were the homozygous mutated allele, and 39.2% were the heterozygous allele. For CYP2C19*3, 88.6% were the homozygous wild-type allele, 2.4% were the homozygous mutated allele, and 9.0% were the heterozygous allele. Overall, the prevalence of rapid, intermediate, and poor metabolizers in Indonesia was 38.5, 41.6, and 19.9%, respectively. In the poor metabolizer group, the frequency of allele *2 (78.8%) was higher than the frequency of allele *3 (21.2%). The Papuan had a significantly higher likelihood of possessing poor metabolizers than the Balinese (OR 11.0; P = 0.002). The prevalence of poor metabolizers was lower compared with the rapid and intermediate metabolizers among patients with gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Intermediate metabolizers had the highest prevalence, followed by rapid metabolizers and poor metabolizers. Dosage adjustment should therefore be considered when administering proton pump inhibitor-based therapy in Indonesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T03:58:31Z","timestamp":1617681511000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["CYP2C19 Polymorphisms in Indonesia: Comparison among Ethnicities and the Association with Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Miftahussurur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3076-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalla","family":"Doohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari Fahrial","family":"Syam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iswan Abbas","family":"Nusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phawinee","family":"Subsomwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Langgeng Agung","family":"Waskito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Maulahela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fardah","family":"Akil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy Brodus","family":"Uwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Santo Antonius Hospital, Pontianak 78243, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gontar","family":"Siregar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatra Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartika Afrida","family":"Fauzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudith Annisa Ayu","family":"Rezkitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Surabaya 60113, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kolaka General Hospital, Kolaka 93511, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I Dewa Nyoman","family":"Wibawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Michael Joseph","family":"Saudale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Prof. Dr. W. Z. Johannes General Hospital, Kupang 85111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marselino","family":"Richardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Merauke City General Hospital, Merauke 99613, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titong","family":"Sugihartono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvi","family":"Chomariyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taufan","family":"Bramantoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshio","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"},{"name":"Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05982.x","article-title":"Second Asia-Pacific Consensus Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"24","author":"Fock","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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