{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:16:33Z","timestamp":1767651393239,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["322429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322429"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anomalies of fatty acid (FA) metabolism characterize osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the knee joint. No previous study has investigated the synovial fluid (SF) FA manifestations in these aging-related inflammatory diseases in the shoulder. The present experiment compared the FA alterations between the shoulder and knee joints in patients with end-stage OA or end-stage RA. SF samples were collected during glenohumeral or knee joint surgery from trauma controls and from OA and RA patients (n = 42). The FA composition of SF total lipids was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection and compared across cohorts. The FA signatures of trauma controls were mostly uniform in both anatomical locations. RA shoulders were characterized by elevated percentages of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 and with reduced proportions of 18:1n-9. The FA profiles of OA and RA knees were relatively uniform and displayed lower proportions of 18:2n-6, 22:6n-3 and total n-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). The results indicate location- and disease-dependent differences in the SF FA composition. These alterations in FA profiles and their potential implications for the production of PUFA-derived lipid mediators may affect joint lubrication, synovial inflammation and pannus formation as well as cartilage and bone degradation and contribute to the pathogeneses of inflammatory joint diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T11:06:01Z","timestamp":1620212761000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Synovial Fluid Fatty Acid Profiles Are Differently Altered by Inflammatory Joint Pathologies in the Shoulder and Knee Joints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anne-Mari","family":"Mustonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reijo","family":"K\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Joukainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohjola Hospital, Lev\u00e4sentie 1, FI-70700 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petri","family":"Lehenkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-90029 OYS, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Jaroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70290 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommi","family":"K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohjola Hospital, Lev\u00e4sentie 1, FI-70700 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Kr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70290 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommi","family":"Paakkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanna P.","family":"Sihvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. 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