{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T23:20:42Z","timestamp":1785280842373,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, University of Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile.","award":["VRID-Enlace 218.036.047-1.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID-Enlace 218.036.047-1.0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium, has as a natural niche the human gastric epithelium. This pathogen has been reported to enter into Candida yeast cells; however, factors triggering this endosymbiotic relationship remain unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro if variations in nutrient concentration in the cultured medium trigger the internalization of H. pylori within Candida cells. We used H. pylori\u2013Candida co-cultures in Brucella broth supplemented with 1%, 5% or 20% fetal bovine serum or in saline solution. Intra-yeast bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) were observed using optical microscopy, while intra-yeast BLBs were identified as H. pylori using FISH and PCR techniques. Intra-yeast H. pylori (BLBs) viability was confirmed using the LIVE\/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. Intra-yeast H. pylori was present in all combinations of bacteria\u2013yeast strains co-cultured. However, the percentages of yeast cells harboring bacteria (Y-BLBs) varied according to nutrient concentrations and also were strain-dependent. In conclusion, reduced nutrients stresses H. pylori, promoting its entry into Candida cells. The starvation of both H. pylori and Candida strains reduced the percentages of Y-BLBs, suggesting that starving yeast cells may be less capable of harboring stressed H. pylori cells. Moreover, the endosymbiotic relationship between H. pylori and Candida is dependent on the strains co-cultured.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1620817152000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Nutrient Deficiency Promotes the Entry of Helicobacter pylori Cells into Candida Yeast Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kimberly","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9898-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Silva-Mieres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Arellano-Arriagada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9836-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Parra-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Pasteur, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3802-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor L.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3909-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apolinaria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cancino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12403","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12403","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"22","author":"Burucoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12514","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12514","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"23","author":"Sjomina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"7","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: Eradication or Preservation","volume":"4","author":"Sachs","year":"2012","journal-title":"F1000 Med. 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