{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:43:32Z","timestamp":1783032212668,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect of two doses of hCG (100 and 300 IU) applied at two different times (7 and 14 d) after a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI) upon some variables involved in the embryonic implantation rate in goats during the natural deep anestrous season (April, 25\u00b0 north). The experimental units considered crossbred, multiparous, anovulatory goats (n = 69, Alpine, Saanen, Nubian x Criollo), with average body weight (43.6 \u00b1 5.7 kg) and body condition score (1.86 \u00b1 0.28 units) located in northern\u2013semiarid Mexico (25\u00b0 N, 103\u00b0 W). Once the goat\u2019s anestrus status was confirmed, goats were subjected to an estrus induction protocol. Upon estrus induction confirmation, goats (n = 61) were subjected to a FTAI procedure. Immediately after the FTAI, the goats were randomly distributed to five experimental groups: (1). G100-7 (n = 13) 100 IU, hCG 7 d post-FTAI, (2). G100-14 (n = 12) 100 IU hCG, 14 d post-FTAI, (3). G300-7 (n = 12) 300 IU, hCG, 7 d post-FTAI, (4). G300-14 (n = 12) 300 IU hCG 14 d post-FTAI, and (5). Control group, CONT (n = 12) 0.5 mL saline, 7 and 14 d post-FTAI. The response variables conception rate (39.36 \u00b1 0.23), fertility rate (27.96%), prolificacy rate (1.1 \u00b1 0.29 kids), ovulation rate (0.74 \u00b1 0.20 corpus luteum) corpus luteum diameter (10.15 \u00b1 0.59 mm), embryo number (1.58 \u00b1 0.20), and embryo implantation rate (48.96%), did not differ between treatments. However, while the variables fecundity rate (67%), embryo efficiency index-1 (33.99 \u00b1 0.20%), and embryo efficiency index-2 (27.94 \u00b1 0.30%) were favored by the G300-14 treatment, the corpus luteum area was favored (p &lt; 0.05) by both G300-7 (113.30 \u00b1 0.19 mm2) and G300-14 (103.04 \u00b1 0.17 mm2). Such reproductive strategy emerges as an interesting approach, not only to enhance the out-of-season reproductive outcomes, but also to boost one of the main rulers defining the global reproductive efficiency of a heard, namely, the embryo implantation efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1620817152000},"page":"429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Luteogenesis and Embryo Implantation Are Enhanced by Exogenous hCG in Goats Subjected to an Out-of-Season Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Bustamante-Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Laguna, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Perif\u00e9rico Ra\u00fal L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez y Carretera A Santa Fe, Torre\u00f3n 27054, Coahuila, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Agricultura y Zootecnia, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Venecia 35111, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0289-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar A.","family":"Meza-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas \u00c1ridas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Chapingo, Bermejillo 35230, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Laguna, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Perif\u00e9rico Ra\u00fal L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez y Carretera A Santa Fe, Torre\u00f3n 27054, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zurisaday","family":"Santos-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Laguna, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Perif\u00e9rico Ra\u00fal L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez y Carretera A Santa Fe, Torre\u00f3n 27054, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"\u00c1ngel-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Laguna, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Perif\u00e9rico Ra\u00fal L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez y Carretera A Santa Fe, Torre\u00f3n 27054, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia R.","family":"Gayt\u00e1n-Alem\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Laguna, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Perif\u00e9rico Ra\u00fal L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez y Carretera A Santa Fe, Torre\u00f3n 27054, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulises N.","family":"Gutierrez-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas \u00c1ridas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Chapingo, Bermejillo 35230, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaury","family":"Esquivel-Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas \u00c1ridas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Chapingo, Bermejillo 35230, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco G.","family":"V\u00e9liz-Deras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Laguna, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Perif\u00e9rico Ra\u00fal L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez y Carretera A Santa Fe, Torre\u00f3n 27054, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2009.12.045","article-title":"Present situation and future perspectives for goat production systems in Spain","volume":"89","author":"Castel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin. 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