{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:25:54Z","timestamp":1780579554444,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dental, skeletal, and soft-tissue characteristics of a particular malocclusion can differ based on ethnicity, race, age, sex and geographical location with Class II malocclusion being one of the most prevalent malocclusions encountered in orthodontic clinical practice. The broad understanding of the characteristics of vertical skeletal and dental parameters in patients with Class II malocclusion can help clinicians to identify patterns and variations in the expression of this phenotype for better treatment outcomes. Hence, we compared the craniofacial characteristics of skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion traits from Indian and Vietnamese individuals to analyze the vertical skeletal and dental patterns in both population groups. The sample comprised of lateral cephalograms from 100 young adults with Class II malocclusion, of which fifty (25 males and 25 females) were from South India and the other 50 age- and sex-matched adults from Vietnam. The lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized into anonymous image files and were traced and assessed for 16 vertical skeletal and dental parameters. The ANB angle was greater in males (+1.4 deg; p &lt; 0.001) and females (+1.9 deg; p &lt; 0.001) in the South Indian population. The Vietnamese males had a larger mandibular plane angle, articular angle, anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height compared to the Indian males. The Vietnamese females had larger mandibular plane and articular angles compared to the Indian females. The skeletal class II malocclusion was more severe in the South Indian compared to the Vietnamese adults. The Vietnamese sample showed a generalized tendency towards a more vertical skeletal growth pattern and in males this pattern seemed to be due to the dentoalveolar component. The Vietnamese females showed a tendency towards a vertical growth pattern, but without apparent contribution by the dentoalveolar component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T10:54:22Z","timestamp":1620989662000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Comparison of Craniofacial Characteristics between Two Different Adult Populations with Class II Malocclusion\u2014A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5504-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasad","family":"Nalabothu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, 4058 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huyen Nguyen","family":"Thanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi 111103, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6741-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Antonarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-0203.160244","article-title":"Differences In Dentofacial Characteristics Of Class I Malocclusion Between Saudi And Japanese Adult Females","volume":"4","author":"Abbassy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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