{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T22:46:22Z","timestamp":1794437182790,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008762","name":"Genome Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovate NL","award":["211219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211219"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004952","name":"Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["341304-2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["341304-2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-04519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-04519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of dietary omega-6 to omega-3 (\u03c96:\u03c93) fatty acid (FA) ratios for human health has been extensively examined. However, its impact on fish physiology, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, are less well understood. This study investigated the influence of plant-based diets (12-week exposure) with varying \u03c96:\u03c93 (0.4\u20132.7) on the hepatic transcriptome of Atlantic salmon. Using 44 K microarray analysis, genes involved in immune and inflammatory response (lect2a, itgb5, helz2a, p43), lipid metabolism (helz2a), cell proliferation (htra1b), control of muscle and neuronal development (mef2d) and translation (eif2a, eif4b1, p43) were identified; these were differentially expressed between the two extreme \u03c96:\u03c93 dietary treatments (high \u03c96 vs. high \u03c93) at week 12. Eight out of 10 microarray-identified transcripts showed an agreement in the direction of expression fold-change between the microarray and qPCR studies. The PPAR\u03b1 activation-related transcript helz2a was confirmed by qPCR to be down-regulated by high \u03c96 diet compared with high \u03c93 diet. The transcript expression of two helz2 paralogues was positively correlated with \u03c93, and negatively with \u03c96 FA in both liver and muscle, thus indicating their potential as biomarkers of tissue \u03c96:\u03c93 variation. Mef2d expression in liver was suppressed in the high \u03c96 compared to the balanced diet (\u03c96:\u03c93 of 2.7 and 0.9, respectively) fed fish, and showed negative correlations with \u03c96:\u03c93 in both tissues. The hepatic expression of two lect2 paralogues was negatively correlated with viscerosomatic index, while htra1b correlated negatively with salmon weight gain and condition factor. Finally, p43 and eif2a were positively correlated with liver \u03a3\u03c93, while these transcripts and eif4b2 showed negative correlations with 18:2\u03c96 in the liver. This suggested that some aspects of protein synthesis were influenced by dietary \u03c96:\u03c93. In summary, this nutrigenomic study identified hepatic transcripts responsive to dietary variation in \u03c96:\u03c93, and relationships of transcript expression with tissue (liver, muscle) lipid composition and other phenotypic traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10070578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T11:01:38Z","timestamp":1624532498000},"page":"578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Influence of Varying Dietary \u03c96 to \u03c93 Fatty Acid Ratios on the Hepatic Transcriptome, and Association with Phenotypic Traits (Growth, Somatic Indices, and Tissue Lipid Composition), in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tomer","family":"Katan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7693-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Caballero-Solares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cargill Animal Nutrition, 10383 165th Avenue NW, Elk River, MN 55330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Parrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Rise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137946","article-title":"Comment on \u201cImpacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services\u201d","volume":"316","author":"Wilberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15103","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905235106","article-title":"Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources","volume":"106","author":"Naylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508137874","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism (desaturation, elongation and \u03b2-oxidation) in rainbow trout fed fish oil- or linseed oil-based diets","volume":"102","author":"Turchini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(03)00143-X","article-title":"Replacement of fish oil with sunflower oil in feeds for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Effect on growth performance, tissue fatty acid composition and disease resistance","volume":"135","author":"Bransden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2008.02150.x","article-title":"Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish","volume":"41","author":"Tocher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2012.00958.x","article-title":"Net production of Atlantic salmon (FIFO, Fish in Fish out <1) with dietary plant proteins and vegetable oils","volume":"19","author":"Liland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010","article-title":"Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective","volume":"449","author":"Tocher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.12.023","article-title":"Replacing dietary fish oil with Echium oil enriched barramundi with C18 PUFA rather than long-chain PUFA","volume":"312","author":"Alhazzaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115595980","article-title":"Functional roles of fatty acids and their effects on human health","volume":"39","author":"Calder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21892","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21892","article-title":"Impact of sustainable feeds on omega-3 long-chain fatty acid levels in farmed Atlantic salmon, 2006\u20132015","volume":"6","author":"Sprague","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(03)00301-6","article-title":"Vegetable lipid sources for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): Effects on fish health","volume":"225","author":"Montero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.07.014","article-title":"Fat content and morphology of liver and intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Effects of temperature and dietary soybean oil","volume":"252","author":"Ruyter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2007.00455.x","article-title":"Complete replacement of dietary fish oil with a vegetable oil blend affect liver lipid and plasma lipoprotein levels in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"13","author":"Jordal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Liland, N.S. (2014). Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Sterol Metabolism and Metabolic Health Impact of Dietary Lipids. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.02.040","article-title":"The dietary replacement of marine ingredients by terrestrial animal and plant alternatives modulates the antiviral immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"64","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200600222","article-title":"Alternate oils in fish feeds","volume":"109","author":"Pickova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.04.023","article-title":"The content of favorable and unfavorable polyunsaturated fatty acids found in commonly eaten fish","volume":"108","author":"Weaver","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480903140503","article-title":"Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in tilapia and human health: A review","volume":"60","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000073788","article-title":"Importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids: Evolutionary aspects","volume":"92","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Rev. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132106","article-title":"Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health","volume":"24","author":"Wijendran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3181\/0711-MR-311","article-title":"The importance of the omega-6\/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases","volume":"233","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"323","article-title":"Importance of a balanced omega 6\/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health: Nutritional recommendations","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2000.00875.x","article-title":"Modulatory effects of dietary lipids on immune system functions","volume":"78","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2335","article-title":"Lipid signalling in disease","volume":"9","author":"Wymann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002584","article-title":"n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio is involved in regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation in pigs","volume":"111","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"290","article-title":"Effect of plant-based diets with varying ratios of \u03c96 to \u03c93 fatty acids on growth performance, tissue composition, fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid-related gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"30","author":"Katan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantzen, S.G., Sanderson, D.S., Von Schalburg, K.R., Yasuike, M., Marass, F., and Koop, B.F. (2011). A 44K microarray dataset of the changing transcriptome in developing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). BMC Res. Notes, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-88"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.11.031","article-title":"Early response of gene expression in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during the development of soybean meal induced enteritis","volume":"34","author":"Sahlmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) liver transcriptome response to diets containing Camelina sativa products","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"National Research Council (2011). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"317","article-title":"Family-specific differences in growth rate and hepatic gene expression in juvenile triploid growth hormone (GH) transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-010-9335-6","article-title":"Development and experimental validation of a 20K Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) oligonucleotide microarray based on a collection of over 150,000 ESTs","volume":"13","author":"Booman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celton, M., Malpertuy, A., Lelandais, G., and de Brevern, A.G. (2010). Comparative analysis of missing value imputation methods to improve clustering and interpretation of microarray experiments. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-15"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gnh026","article-title":"LSimpute: Accurate estimation of missing values in microarray data with least squares methods","volume":"32","author":"Dysvik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091062498","article-title":"Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response","volume":"98","author":"Tusher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"45","article-title":"Identifying interesting genes with siggenes","volume":"6","author":"Schwender","year":"2006","journal-title":"RNews"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.07.055","article-title":"Rank products: A simple, yet powerful, new method to detect differentially regulated genes in replicated microarray experiments","volume":"573","author":"Breitling","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffery, I.B., Higgins, D.G., and Culhane, A.C. (2006). Comparison and evaluation of methods for generating differentially expressed gene lists from microarray data. BMC Bioinform., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-359"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl476","article-title":"RankProd: A bioconductor package for detecting differentially expressed genes in meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caballero-Solares, A., Xue, X., Parrish, C.C., Foroutani, M.B., Taylor, R.G., and Rise, M.L. (2018). Changes in the liver transcriptome of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed experimental diets based on terrestrial alternatives to fish meal and fish oil. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5188-6"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00168.2009","article-title":"Impact of asymptomatic nodavirus carrier state and intraperitoneal viral mimic injection on brain transcript expression in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","volume":"42","author":"Rise","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsvik, P.A., Lie, K.K., Jordal, A.E.O., Nilsen, T.O., and Hordvik, I. (2005). Evaluation of potential reference genes in real-time RT-PCR studies of Atlantic salmon. BMC Mol. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-6-21"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034","article-title":"Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes","volume":"3","author":"Vandesompele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rise, M.L., Hall, J.R., Nash, G.W., Xue, X., Booman, M., Katan, T., and Gamperl, A.K. (2015). Transcriptome profiling reveals that feeding wild zooplankton to larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) influences suites of genes involved in oxidation-reduction, mitosis, and selenium homeostasis. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2120-1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.05.017","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of camelina oil-containing diets on the expression of genes involved in the innate anti-viral immune response in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","volume":"41","author":"Booman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-016-9704-x","article-title":"Functional genomic analysis of the impact of Camelina (Camelina sativa) meal on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) distal intestine gene expression and physiology","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslamloo, K., Xue, X., Hall, J.R., Smith, N.C., Caballero-Solares, A., Parrish, C.C., Taylor, R.G., and Rise, M.L. (2017). Transcriptome profiling of antiviral immune and dietary fatty acid dependent responses of Atlantic salmon macrophage-like cells. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4099-2"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, S., Pratoomyot, J., Taggart, J.B., Bron, J.E., Guy, D.R., Bell, J.G., and Tocher, D.R. (2011). Genotype-specific responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subject to dietary fish oil replacement by vegetable oil: A liver transcriptomic analysis. BMC Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-255"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-299","article-title":"Functional genomics reveals increases in cholesterol biosynthetic genes and highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis after dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"9","author":"Leaver","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11836","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182426699","article-title":"Identification of a transcriptionally active peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1-interacting cofactor complex in rat liver and characterization of PRIC285 as a coactivator","volume":"99","author":"Surapureddi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1332","article-title":"THRAP3 interacts with HELZ2 and plays a novel role in adipocyte differentiation","volume":"27","author":"Satoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2160","article-title":"Protection against high-fat diet-induced obesity in Helz2-deficient male mice due to enhanced expression of hepatic leptin receptor","volume":"155","author":"Yoshino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.02.002","article-title":"Integrated physiology and systems biology of PPAR\u03b1","volume":"3","author":"Kersten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00240","article-title":"HELZ2 is an IFN effector mediating suppression of dengue virus","volume":"8","author":"Fusco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.129","article-title":"RNA-binding proteins in immune regulation: A focus on CCCH zinc finger proteins","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900804","article-title":"IFN-stimulated genes in zebrafish and humans define an ancient arsenal of antiviral immunity","volume":"203","author":"Levraud","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/35013000","article-title":"Roles of PPARS in health and disease","volume":"405","author":"Kersten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000041444.06122.8d","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-\u03b1: A pharmacological target with a promising future","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29139","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202923200","article-title":"Liver fatty acid-binding protein targets fatty acids to the nucleus. Real time confocal and multiphoton fluorescence imaging in living cells","volume":"277","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900058-JLR200","article-title":"L-FABP directly interacts with PPAR\u03b1 in cultured primary hepatocytes","volume":"50","author":"Hostetler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"649","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Nuclear control of metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Desvergne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-007-3111-z","article-title":"Role of fatty acid binding proteins and long chain fatty acids in modulating nuclear receptors and gene transcription","volume":"43","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(96)00601-6","article-title":"Three zebrafish MEF2 genes delineate somitic and cardiac muscle development in wild-type and mutant embryos","volume":"59","author":"Ticho","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M., Zhou, D., Ding, N.Z., Teng, C.B., Yan, X.C., and Liang, Y. (2019). Common carp MEF2 genes: Evolution and expression. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10080588"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.14.1.167","article-title":"Transcriptional control of muscle development by myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins","volume":"14","author":"Black","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122511","article-title":"Activity-dependent regulation of MEF2 transcription factors suppresses excitatory synapse number","volume":"311","author":"Flavell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01415-06","article-title":"Regulation of HDAC9 gene expression by MEF2 establishes a negative-feedback loop in the transcriptional circuitry of muscle differentiation","volume":"27","author":"Haberland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.11.029","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of MEF2 transcriptional program reveals synaptic target genes and neuronal activity-dependent polyadenylation site selection","volume":"60","author":"Flavell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0064-1","article-title":"Transcriptional response of porcine skeletal muscle to feeding a linseed-enriched diet to growing pigs","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2011.01326.x","article-title":"Tetradecylthioacetic acid modulates cardiac transcription in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., suffering heart and skeletal muscle inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Grammes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2477","article-title":"Research progress on MEF2B gene in human and animals","volume":"17","author":"Xiaomeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.07.007","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation and growth by transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u03c9-3 PUFAs ameliorate liver fibrosis and inhibit hepatic stellate cells proliferation and activation by promoting YAP\/TAZ degradation","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.06.009","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle growth in fish by the growth hormone\u2014Insulin-like growth factor system","volume":"192","author":"Fuentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040260","article-title":"Gene expression analysis of zebrafish heart regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Lien","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00658-5","article-title":"The HtrA family of proteases: Implications for protein composition and cell fate","volume":"10","author":"Clausen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00999","article-title":"HtrA1 serine protease inhibits signaling mediated by Tgf\u03b2 family proteins","volume":"131","author":"Oka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, J.R., Chamberland, A., Lin, Q., Li, X.J., Dai, D., Zeng, W., Ryan, M.S., Rivera-Berm\u00fadez, M.A., Flannery, C.R., and Yang, Z. (2013). Serine protease HTRA1 antagonizes transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling by cleaving its receptors and loss of HTRA1 in vivo enhances bone formation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074094"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"508","article-title":"Serine protease HtrA1 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tacchi, L., Secombes, C.J., Bickerdike, R., Adler, M.A., Venegas, C., Takle, H., and Martin, S.A.M. (2012). Transcriptomic and physiological responses to fishmeal substitution with plant proteins in formulated feed in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BMC Genom., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-363"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(02)00093-7","article-title":"A web-accessible complete transcriptome of normal human and DMD muscle","volume":"12","author":"Bakay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.02.003","article-title":"The emerging roles of HTRA1 in musculoskeletal disease","volume":"182","author":"Tiaden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2004.09.004","article-title":"Molecular cloning of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 in rainbow trout","volume":"18","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.07.002","article-title":"A new leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 from marine fish grouper, Epinephelus coioides: Molecular cloning and expression analysis","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.10.012","article-title":"LECT2 improves the outcomes in ayu with Vibrio anguillarum infection via monocytes\/macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.01.019","article-title":"Characterization of the LECT2 gene and its associations with resistance to the big belly disease in Asian seabass","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0728","article-title":"LECT2 functions as a hepatokine that links obesity to skeletal muscle insulin resistance","volume":"63","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0267","article-title":"LECT2 promotes inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes via P38 pathways","volume":"61","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todor\u010devi\u0107, M., \u0160kugor, S., Krasnov, A., and Ruyter, B. (2010). Gene expression profiles in Atlantic salmon adipose-derived stromo-vascular fraction during differentiation into adipocytes. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-39"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000373","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol supplementation to a plant-based diet suppresses the complete pathway of cholesterol synthesis and induces bile acid production in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"111","author":"Kortner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998000400002","article-title":"Immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"31","author":"Calder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2000001100001","article-title":"Effect of fatty acids on leukocyte function","volume":"33","author":"Lopes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geay, F., Ferraresso, S., Zambonino-Infante, J.L., Bargelloni, L., Quentel, C., Vandeputte, M., Kaushik, S., Cahu, C.L., and Mazurais, D. (2011). Effects of the total replacement of fish-based diet with plant-based diet on the hepatic transcriptome of two European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) half-sibfamilies showing different growth rates with the plant-based diet. BMC Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-522"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi019","article-title":"Decreased n-6\/n-3 fatty acid ratio reduces the invasive potential of human lung cancer cells by downregulation of cell adhesion\/invasion-related genes","volume":"26","author":"Xia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"250","article-title":"Cytokine-like activities of some aminoacyl-tRna synthetases and auxiliary p43 cofactor of aminoacylation reaction and their role in oncogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Ivakhno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23028","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101544200","article-title":"A cofactor of mRNA synthetase, p43, is secreted to up-regulate proinflammatory genes","volume":"276","author":"Ko","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2002.1992","article-title":"Signaling pathways for TNF production induced by human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-associating factor, p43","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62262-6","article-title":"The novel cytokine p43 stimulates dermal fibroblast proliferation and wound repair","volume":"166","author":"Sang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.088427","article-title":"A novel chemical screening strategy in zebrafish identifies common pathways in embryogenesis and rhabdomyosarcoma development","volume":"140","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1093","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00045.2019","article-title":"Loss of the glucocorticoid receptor in zebrafish improves muscle glucose availability and increases growth","volume":"316","author":"Faught","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612398113","article-title":"EIF4B stimulates translation of long mRNAs with structured 5\u2032 UTRs and low closed-loop potential but weak dependence on eIF4G","volume":"113","author":"Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80330-5","article-title":"Perk is essential for translational regulation and cell survival during the unfolded protein response","volume":"5","author":"Harding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howarth, D.L., Lindtner, C., Vacaru, A.M., Sachidanandam, R., Tsedensodnom, O., Vasilkova, T., Buettner, C., and Sadler, K.C. (2014). Activating transcription factor 6 is necessary and sufficient for alcoholic fatty liver disease in zebrafish. PLoS Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004335"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.08.009","article-title":"Activation of unfolded protein response pathway during infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection in vitro and in vivo","volume":"54","author":"Kavaliauskis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41620","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103674200","article-title":"Translation inhibition in apoptosis: Caspase-dependent PKR activation and eIF2-\u03b1 phosphorylation","volume":"276","author":"Saelens","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401591","article-title":"Initiation factor modifications in the preapoptotic phase","volume":"12","author":"Morley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.005611","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"93","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2009.05.013","article-title":"Differential gene expression after total replacement of dietary fish meal and fish oil by plant products in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver","volume":"294","author":"Panserat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(01)20003-X","article-title":"Protein synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Houlihan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish Physiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.x","article-title":"Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: Current knowledge and future needs","volume":"41","author":"Kaushik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/10\/7\/578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:22:50Z","timestamp":1760163770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/10\/7\/578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biology10070578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10070578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]}}}