{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:21:20Z","timestamp":1783455680106,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG8J1101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8J1101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal anesthesia is generally accepted as an effective and safe practice. Three rare incidents of postoperative cerebral infarction after surgery under spinal anesthesia prompted us to assess whether spinal bupivacaine may compromise carotid or cerebral blood flow. Postoperative examination after the stroke incident revealed that all three patients shared a common pathology of stenosis or atheromatosis in the carotid or middle cerebral artery. In a companion study using 69 Sprague-Dawley rats, subarachnoid application of bupivacaine elicited an initial (Phase I) reduction in the mean arterial pressure, carotid blood flow (CBF) and baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, all of which subsequently returned to baseline (Phase II). Whereas heart rate (HR) exhibited sustained reduction, cardiac vagal baroreflex, baroreflex efficiency index (BEI) and tissue perfusion and oxygen in the cerebral cortex remained unaltered. However, in one-third of the rats studied, Phase II gave way to Phase III characterized by secondary hypotension and depressed baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, along with declined HR, sustained cardiac vagal baroreflex, decreased BEI, reduced CBF and waning tissue perfusion or oxygen in the cerebral cortex. We concluded that carotid and cerebral blood flow can indeed be compromised after spinal anesthesia, and an impaired baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, which leads to hypotension, plays a contributory role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10070617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T10:06:34Z","timestamp":1625220394000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Postoperative Stroke after Spinal Anesthesia and Responses of Carotid or Cerebral Blood Flow and Baroreflex Functionality to Spinal Bupivacaine in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yan-Yuen","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueh-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel H. H.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9548-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Yi","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199808000-00028","article-title":"The Centennial of Spinal Anesthesia","volume":"89","author":"Wulf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199803000-00037","article-title":"Learning manual skills in anesthesiology: Is there a recommended number of cases for anesthetic procedures?","volume":"86","author":"Konrad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth. 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