{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:08:12Z","timestamp":1781305692698,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Extramedullary plasma cell (PC) disorders may occur as extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma (MM-EMD) or as primary extramedullary plasmocytoma (pEMP)\/solitary osseous plasmocytoma (SOP). In this study, we aimed to obtain insights into the molecular mechanisms of extramedullary spread of clonal PC. Methods: Clinical and biological characteristics of 87 patients with MM-EMD (n = 49), pEMP\/SOP (n = 20) and classical MM (n = 18) were analyzed by using immunohistochemistry (CXCR4, CD31, CD44 and CD81 staining) and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin staining combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (cIg-FISH). Results: High expression of CD44, a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, was significantly enriched in MM-EMD (90%) vs. pEMP\/SOP (27%) or classical MM (33%) (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, 1q21 amplification by clonal PC occurred at a similar frequency of MM-EMD (33%), pEMP\/SOP (57%) and classical MM (44%). Conversely, del(17p13), t(4;14) and t(14;16) were completely absent in pEMP\/SOP. Besides this, 1q21 amplification was identified in 64% of not paraskeletal samples from MM-EMD or pEMP compared to 9% of SOP or paraskeletal MM-EMD\/pEMP and 44% of classical MM samples, respectively (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Expression of molecules involved in homing and cytogenetic aberrations differ between MM with or without EMD and pEMP\/SOP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10070629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T11:36:44Z","timestamp":1625571404000},"page":"629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical and Biological Characteristics of Medullary and Extramedullary Plasma Cell Dyscrasias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Snjezana","family":"Janjetovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lohneis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Nogai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derya","family":"Balci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Tempelhof, 12101 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Rasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"J\u00e4hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Zehlendorf, 14165 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Bokemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care and Rheumatology, Asklepios Hospital Altona, Asklepios Tumorzentrum, 22763 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor Wolfgang","family":"Blau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schmidt-Hieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic of Hematology and Oncology, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum, 03048 Cottbus, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.34.9290","article-title":"Soft-tissue plasmacytomas in multiple myeloma: Incidence, mechanisms of extramedullary spread, and treatment approach","volume":"29","author":"Cibeira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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