{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:50:54Z","timestamp":1793044254249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010699","name":"Monash University Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ASEAN-2019-04-MED"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASEAN-2019-04-MED"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fish reproductive system is a complex biological system. Nonetheless, reproductive organ development is conserved, which starts with sex determination and then sex differentiation. The sex of a teleost is determined and differentiated from bipotential primordium by genetics, environmental factors, or both. These two processes are species-specific. There are several prominent genes and environmental factors involved during sex determination and differentiation. At the cellular level, most of the sex-determining genes suppress the female pathway. For environmental factors, there are temperature, density, hypoxia, pH, and social interaction. Once the sexual fate is determined, sex differentiation takes over the gonadal developmental process. Environmental factors involve activation and suppression of various male and female pathways depending on the sexual fate. Alongside these factors, the role of the brain during sex determination and differentiation remains elusive. Nonetheless, GnRH III knockout has promoted a male sex-biased population, which shows brain involvement during sex determination. During sex differentiation, LH and FSH might not affect the gonadal differentiation, but are required for regulating sex differentiation. This review discusses the role of prominent genes, environmental factors, and the brain in sex determination and differentiation across a few teleost species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10100973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Sex Determination and Differentiation in Teleost: Roles of Genetics, Environment, and Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Preetha","family":"Rajendiran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8334-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizul","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonika","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P O Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenichery","family":"Sudhakumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P O Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balasubramanian","family":"Senthilkumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P O Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishwar S.","family":"Parhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(02)00057-1","article-title":"Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: An overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences","volume":"208","author":"Devlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000364924","article-title":"Gonadal development in fish","volume":"8","author":"Nishimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex. 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