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In this population, the high frequency of rheumatoid factor (45\u201370%), antinuclear (10\u201340%) and anticardiolipin (15\u201320%) antibodies is a B-cell mediated finding sustained by the infection. However, the possibility that a primitive rheumatic pathology may coexist with the HCV infection is not to be excluded thus complicating a differential diagnosis between primitive and HCV-related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T07:05:57Z","timestamp":1634713557000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Autoantibodies and Rheumatologic Manifestations in Hepatitis C Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-9179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Priora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Rheumatology Clinic, Hospital of Mondov\u00ec, 12084 Cuneo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2478-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Ditto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Realmuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Centanaro Di Vittorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Degiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara Lisa","family":"Peroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of General and Specialistic Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citt\u00e0 Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2018-000203","article-title":"Autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Impact on clinical outcomes and extrahepatic manifestations","volume":"5","author":"Gilman","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.19.06108-1","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in chronic hepatitis C long-term responders to pre-direct antiviral agents: A single-center retrospective study","volume":"110","author":"Rosso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Medica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.04.015","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus replication cycle","volume":"53","author":"Bartenschlager","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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