{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:07:18Z","timestamp":1794272838966,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["DMR-110-073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-110-073"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2320-B-039-030 and MOST 110-2320-B-039-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2320-B-039-030 and MOST 110-2320-B-039-032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The urinary bladder (UB) serves as a storage and elimination organ for urine. UB dysfunction can cause multiple symptoms of failure to store urine or empty the bladder, e.g., incontinence, frequent urination, and urinary retention. Treatment of these symptoms requires knowledge on bladder function, which involves physiology, pathology, and even psychology. There is no ideal animal model for the study of UB function to understand and treat associated disorders, as the complexity in humans differs from that of other species. However, several animal models are available to study a variety of other bladder disorders. Such models include animals from rodents to nonhuman primates, such as mice, rats, rabbits, felines, canines, pigs, and mini pigs. For incontinence, vaginal distention might mimic birth trauma and can be measured based on leak point pressure. Using peripheral and central models, inflammation, bladder outlet obstruction, and genetic models facilitated the study of overactive bladder. However, the larger the animal model, the more difficult the study is, due to the associated animal ethics issues, laboratory facility, and budget. This review aims at facilitating adapted animal models to study bladder function according to facility, priority, and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1639358891000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Review of Animal Models to Study Urinary Bladder Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jing-Dung","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 41168, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szu-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huey-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medical Research, Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun-Yuan","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8756-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Hsiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medical Research, Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medical Research, Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16499-6_3","article-title":"Animal models of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"202","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. 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