{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:21:06Z","timestamp":1788301266873,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent inflammatory responses in the elderly may act as modifiers on the progression and repair of chronic apical periodontitis lesions (CAPLs). While the involvement of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in inflammatory responses and, particularly, in CAPL has been documented, their expression in elderly patients needs to be further characterized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CAPL from elderly individuals with young\/middle-aged individuals. Thirty CAPL (15 cysts and 15 granulomas) from elderly patients (&gt;60 years) and 30 CAPL (15 cysts and 15 granuloma) from young\/middle-aged individuals (20\u201356 years) were selected. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed against IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1. The slides were subdivided into five high-magnification fields and analyzed. The number of positive stains was evaluated for each antibody. There was no significant difference between the cytokines when the cysts and granuloma were compared in the two groups. In the young\/middle-aged, only IL-1\u03b2 showed a difference and was significantly higher in granulomas (p = 0.019). CAPL pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the elderly were significantly higher than in young\/middle-aged individuals (p &lt; 0.05). The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 were significantly higher in CAPL in the elderly compared with the young\/middle-aged group. Further elaborate research studies\/analyses to elucidate the reasons for and consequences of inflammation in the elderly are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1640254578000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Aging as a Risk Factor on the Immunoexpression of Pro-Inflammatory IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 Cytokines in Chronic Apical Periodontitis Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qu\u00e9sia Euclides","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1 University, Rio de Janeiro 22790-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis de Carvalho","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1 University, Rio de Janeiro 22790-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Marques Paes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1 University, Rio de Janeiro 22790-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4388-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio Souza","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1 University, Rio de Janeiro 22790-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Ramoa","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1 University, Rio de Janeiro 22790-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6823-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Carrouel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Systemic, Process (P2S), UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4754-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Systemic, Process (P2S), UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irna","family":"Sufiawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Armada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Est\u00e1cio de S\u00e1 University, Rio de Janeiro 22790-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13467","article-title":"The Global Prevalence of Apical Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Michelon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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