{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:54:27Z","timestamp":1771660467214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Trobe University\u2019s \u2018understanding disease\u2019 Research Focus Area (RFA) grant","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika virus (ZIKV) is a pathogenic neurotropic virus that infects the central nervous system (CNS) and results in various neurological complications. Astrocytes are the dominant CNS cell producer of the antiviral cytokine IFN-\u03b2, however little is known about the factors involved in their ability to mediate viral infection control. Recent studies have displayed differential responses in astrocytes to ZIKV infection, and this study sought to elucidate astrocyte cell-specific responses to ZIKV using a variety of cell models infected with either the African (MR766) or Asian (PRVABC59) ZIKV strains. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2) and inflammatory (IL-8) cytokines following viral infection were low and mostly comparable within the ZIKV-resistant and ZIKV-susceptible astrocyte models, with better control of proinflammatory cytokines displayed in resistant astrocyte cells, synchronising with the viral infection level at specific timepoints. Astrocyte cell lines displaying ZIKV-resistance also demonstrated early upregulation of multiple antiviral genes compared with susceptible astrocytes. Interestingly, pre-stimulation of ZIKV-susceptible astrocytes with either poly(I:C) or poly(dA:dT) showed efficient protection against ZIKV compared with pre-stimulation with either recombinant IFN-\u03b2 or IFN-\u03bb, perhaps indicating that a more diverse antiviral gene expression is necessary for astrocyte control of ZIKV, and this is driven in part through interferon-independent mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11010143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1642365840000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Astrocyte Control of Zika Infection Is Independent of Interferon Type I and Type III Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mithun","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monique L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomomi","family":"Furihata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2685-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subir","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"O\u2019Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6306-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla J.","family":"Helbig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30014-4","article-title":"Zika rash and increased risk of congenital brain abnormalities","volume":"389","author":"Gerardin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6503e2","article-title":"Possible Association between Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly\u2014Brazil, 2015","volume":"65","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkl. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1605367","article-title":"Zika and the Risk of Microcephaly","volume":"375","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00435","article-title":"Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Associated with Zika Virus Infection: A Prospective Case Series from Mexico","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1592066","article-title":"Zika Virus-Associated Neurological Disease in the Adult: Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Encephalitis, and Myelitis","volume":"34","author":"Munoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2016.03.001","article-title":"Why Zika virus infection has become a public health concern?","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc. JCMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00072-15","article-title":"Zika Virus","volume":"29","author":"Musso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grard, G., Caron, M., Mombo, I.M., Nkoghe, D., Mboui Ondo, S., Jiolle, D., Fontenille, D., Paupy, C., and Leroy, E.M. (2014). Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)\u20142007: A new threat from Aedes albopictus?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002681"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101939","article-title":"Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA","volume":"17","author":"Foy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00080-5","article-title":"Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil","volume":"387","author":"Bogoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20720","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20720","article-title":"Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome\u2014Case report, French Polynesia, December 2013","volume":"19","author":"Oehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowall, S.D., Graham, V.A., Rayner, E., Hunter, L., Atkinson, B., Pearson, G., Dennis, M., and Hewson, R. (2017). Lineage-dependent differences in the disease progression of Zika virus infection in type-I interferon receptor knockout (A129) mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005704"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00116","article-title":"Autoimmune Neurological Conditions Associated with Zika Virus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Monsalve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2016","article-title":"Physiology of Astroglia","volume":"98","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24040","article-title":"The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting","volume":"524","author":"Bahney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068411-0","article-title":"Infection and injury of human astrocytes by tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"95","author":"Palus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0748-7","article-title":"Fast type I interferon response protects astrocytes from flavivirus infection and virus-induced cytopathic effects","volume":"13","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02577-12","article-title":"Differential replication of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of West Nile virus within astrocytes","volume":"87","author":"Hussmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potokar, M., Jorga\u010devski, J., and Zorec, R. (2019). Astrocytes in Flavivirus Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030691"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00059","article-title":"Astrocyte Heterogeneity: Impact to Brain Aging and Disease","volume":"11","author":"Matias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88720","article-title":"Regional astrocyte IFN signaling restricts pathogenesis during neurotropic viral infection","volume":"127","author":"Daniels","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1119-3","article-title":"Cell-type- and region-specific restriction of neurotropic flavivirus infection by viperin","volume":"15","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limonta, D., Jovel, J., Kumar, A., Airo, A.M., Hou, S., Saito, L., Branton, W., Ka-Shu Wong, G., Mason, A., and Power, C. (2018). Human Fetal Astrocytes Infected with Zika Virus Exhibit Delayed Apoptosis and Resistance to Interferon: Implications for Persistence. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110646"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44559-8","article-title":"ZIKV Strains Differentially Affect Survival of Human Fetal Astrocytes versus Neurons and Traffic of ZIKV-Laden Endocytotic Compartments","volume":"9","author":"Korva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanik, M., Formanova, P., Bily, T., Vancova, M., Eyer, L., Palus, M., Salat, J., Braconi, C.T., Zanotto, P.M.d.A., and Gould, E.A. (2018). Characterisation of Zika virus infection in primary human astrocytes. BMC Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-018-0407-2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0092-4","article-title":"AXL promotes Zika virus infection in astrocytes by antagonizing type I interferon signalling","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopalakrishna-Pillai, S., and Iverson, L.E. (2010). Astrocytes derived from trisomic human embryonic stem cells express markers of astrocytic cancer cells and premalignant stem-like progenitors. BMC Med. Genom., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-3-12"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(85)90005-0","article-title":"Enhanced DNA synthesis of human glial cells exposed to human leukocyte products","volume":"10","author":"Barna","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0720980.x","article-title":"Mechanism of thrombin clearance by human astrocytoma cells","volume":"72","author":"Mentz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13358","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a new conditionally immortalized human astrocyte cell line","volume":"136","author":"Furihata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2018.06.013","article-title":"Differentiated HASTR\/ci35 cells: A promising in vitro human astrocyte model for facilitating CNS drug development studies","volume":"137","author":"Kitamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemire, J., Mailloux, R.J., and Appanna, V.D. (2008). Mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase is involved in oxidative-energy metabolism in human astrocytoma cells (CCF-STTG1). PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001550"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0844(200001\/03)18:1<9::AID-CBF841>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on apolipoprotein E secretion by a human astrocytoma cell line (CCF-STTG1)","volume":"18","author":"Starck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhu, A., Sarcar, B., Kahali, S., Shan, Y., and Chinnaiyan, P. (2012). Targeting the unfolded protein response in glioblastoma cells with the fusion protein EGF-SubA. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052265"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17367","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17367","article-title":"Functional analysis of the 11q23.3 glioma susceptibility locus implicates PHLDB1 and DDX6 in glioma susceptibility","volume":"5","author":"Baskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.423","article-title":"Depletion of minichromosome maintenance protein 7 inhibits glioblastoma multiforme tumor growth in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Erkan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290309","article-title":"The host type I interferon response to viral and bacterial infections","volume":"15","author":"Perry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00737.x","article-title":"Innate immunity to virus infection","volume":"227","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000484258","article-title":"Interferon-Stimulated Genes as Enhancers of Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling","volume":"10","author":"Crosse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.196.Supp.217.38","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling cascades of multiple cytokines are dysregulated during West Nile virus infection","volume":"196","author":"Roby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7690156","article-title":"Inhibition of viral replication by interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide synthase","volume":"261","author":"Karupiah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.2.910-915.1995","article-title":"Gamma interferon-induced, nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of vaccinia virus replication","volume":"69","author":"Harris","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24542","article-title":"The antiviral protein viperin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication via interaction with nonstructural protein 5A","volume":"54","author":"Helbig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63120","article-title":"Viperin restricts chikungunya virus replication and pathology","volume":"122","author":"Teng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.06.009","article-title":"The interferon-inducible protein viperin inhibits influenza virus release by perturbing lipid rafts","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-407395","article-title":"HIV-1 infection of human macrophages directly induces viperin which inhibits viral production","volume":"120","author":"Nasr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04138-1","article-title":"Viperin is an important host restriction factor in control of Zika virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Eyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.03.008","article-title":"The two NF-kappaB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"25","author":"Bonizzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.07.016","article-title":"Interferon-beta induces transient systemic IP-10\/CXCL10 chemokine release in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"156","author":"Buttmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15328","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.547349","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 induction of CXCL10 in endothelial cells requires protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-\u03baB p65 methylation","volume":"289","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19981015)54:2<169::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Regulation of human IP-10 gene expression in astrocytoma cells by inflammatory cytokines","volume":"54","author":"Majumder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4736","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.9.4736","article-title":"p48\/STAT-1alpha-containing complexes play a predominant role in induction of IFN-gamma-inducible protein, 10 kDa (IP-10) by IFN-gamma alone or in synergy with TNF-alpha","volume":"161","author":"Majumder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01368","article-title":"IFN-\u03b2 Plays Both Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Roles in the Rat Cardiac Fibroblast through Differential STAT Protein Activation","volume":"9","author":"Anfossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7944","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00757-15","article-title":"Interferon Beta and Interferon Alpha 2a Differentially Protect Head and Neck Cancer Cells from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Induced Oncolysis","volume":"89","author":"Westcott","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401829","article-title":"Defining the mechanism by which IFN-\u03b2 dowregulates c-myc expression in human melanoma cells: Pivotal role for human polynucleotide phosphorylase (hPNPaseold-35)","volume":"13","author":"Sarkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402671","article-title":"Protection of human myeloid dendritic cell subsets against influenza A virus infection is differentially regulated upon TLR stimulation","volume":"194","author":"Baharom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00459","article-title":"Type I and Type III Interferons Display Different Dependency on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases to Mount an Antiviral State in the Human Gut","volume":"8","author":"Pervolaraki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"163","article-title":"Design and evaluation of novel interferon lambda analogs with enhanced antiviral activity and improved drug attributes","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.047","article-title":"RIG-I Recognizes the 5\u2019 Region of Dengue and Zika Virus Genomes","volume":"24","author":"Chazal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojha, C.R., Rodriguez, M., Karuppan, M.K.M., Lapierre, J., Kashanchi, F., and El-Hage, N. (2019). Toll-like receptor 3 regulates Zika virus infection and associated host inflammatory response in primary human astrocytes. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208543"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601824","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities","volume":"374","author":"Driggers","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30318-8","article-title":"Association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in Brazil, January to May, 2016: Preliminary report of a case-control study","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"30205","article-title":"Zika virus detection in cerebrospinal fluid from two patients with encephalopathy, Martinique, February 2016","volume":"21","author":"Najioullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1602964","article-title":"Zika Virus Associated with Meningoencephalitis","volume":"374","author":"Carteaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1703","article-title":"Neurologic Complications Associated with the Zika Virus in Brazilian Adults","volume":"74","author":"Frontera","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00644-9","article-title":"Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection","volume":"387","author":"Mecharles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00117","article-title":"Lethal Zika Virus Disease Models in Young and Older Interferon Alpha\/Beta Receptor Knock Out Mice","volume":"8","author":"Marzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moser, L.A., Boylan, B.T., Moreira, F.R., Myers, L.J., Svenson, E.L., Fedorova, N.B., Pickett, B.E., and Bernard, K.A. (2018). Growth and adaptation of Zika virus in mammalian and mosquito cells. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006880"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114981109","article-title":"Systematic identification of type I and type II interferon-induced antiviral factors","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pervolaraki, K., Rastgou Talemi, S., Albrecht, D., Bormann, F., Bamford, C., Mendoza, J.L., Garcia, K.C., McLauchlan, J., H\u00f6fer, T., and Stanifer, M.L. (2018). Differential induction of interferon stimulated genes between type I and type III interferons is independent of interferon receptor abundance. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/448357"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.6.912","article-title":"Functional classification of interferon-stimulated genes identified using microarrays","volume":"69","author":"Holko","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21076","article-title":"Interferon lambda inhibits herpes simplex virus type I infection of human astrocytes and neurons","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00596","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection Disrupts Astrocytic Proteins Involved in Synapse Control and Axon Guidance","volume":"10","author":"Sher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashley, C.L., Abendroth, A., McSharry, B.P., and Slobedman, B. (2019). Interferon-Independent Upregulation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection is Dependent on IRF3 Expression. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030246"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.04.018","article-title":"Peroxisomes are signaling platforms for antiviral innate immunity","volume":"141","author":"Dixit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.07.014","article-title":"Toll-like receptor agonist R848 blocks Zika virus replication by inducing the antiviral protein viperin","volume":"522","author":"Vanwalscappel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6310","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803406115","article-title":"Species-specific disruption of STING-dependent antiviral cellular defenses by the Zika virus NS2B3 protease","volume":"115","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/1\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1760364904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/1\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biology11010143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11010143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]}}}