{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:29:18Z","timestamp":1780673358401,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The avian influenza virus (AIV) mainly affects birds and not only causes animals\u2019 deaths, but also poses a great risk of zoonotically infecting humans. While ducks and wild waterfowl are seen as a natural reservoir for AIVs and can withstand most virus strains, chicken mostly succumb to infection with high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). To date, the mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of chicken and the effective immune response of duck have not been completely unraveled. In this study, we investigate the transcriptional gene regulation underlying disease progression in chicken and duck after AIV infection. For this purpose, we use a publicly available RNA-sequencing dataset from chicken and ducks infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 and HPAI H5N1 (lung and ileum tissues, 1 and 3 days post-infection). Unlike previous studies, we performed a promoter analysis based on orthologous genes to detect important transcription factors (TFs) and their cooperation, based on which we apply a systems biology approach to identify common and species-specific master regulators. We found master regulators such as EGR1, FOS, and SP1, specifically for chicken and ETS1 and SMAD3\/4, specifically for duck, which could be responsible for the duck\u2019s effective and the chicken\u2019s ineffective immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative Investigation of Gene Regulatory Processes Underlying Avian Influenza Viruses in Chicken and Duck"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7640-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selina","family":"Klees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna-Sophie","family":"Schl\u00fcter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4478-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jendrik","family":"Schellhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, L\u00fcbecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje Christine","family":"Kurzweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6637-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Ramzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin Otto","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3297-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"G\u00fcltas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, L\u00fcbecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J., Smith, N., Yu, L., Paton, I.R., Gutowska, M.W., Forrest, H.L., Danner, A.F., Seiler, J.P., Digard, P., and Webster, R.G. 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