{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:20:32Z","timestamp":1785860432135,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91731459 and 91560545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91731459 and 91560545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrium most often in the pelvis. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2) superfamily is also involved in the pathogenesis; however, betaglycan (BG, syn. TGF-\u03b2 type III receptor) as an important co-receptor was not studied. We analyzed mainly BG ectodomain shedding because released soluble BG (sBG) often antagonizes TGF-\u03b2 signaling. Furthermore, we studied the role of TGF-\u03b2s and BG in wound healing and evaluated the suitability of BG measurements in serum and endocervical mucus for non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Evaluation of the BG shedding and signaling pathways involved as well as wound healing was performed with enzyme-linked immune assays (ELISAs), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown, and scratch assays with human endometriotic epithelial cells. TGF-\u03b21\/2 stimulation resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in BG shedding in endometriotic cells, which was TGF-\u03b2\/activin receptor-like kinase-5 (ALK-5)\/mother against decapentaplegic homolog3 (SMAD3)- but not SMAD2-dependent. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) using the pan-MMP inhibitor GM6001 and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP3) equally attenuated BG shedding, signifying the involvement of MMPs in shedding. Likewise, recombinant BG moderately reduced the secretion of TGF-\u03b21\/2 and wound healing of endometriotic cells. TGF-\u03b21 significantly enhanced the secretion of MMP2 and MMP3 and moderately promoted wound healing. In order to evaluate the role of BG in endometriosis, serum (n = 238) and mucus samples (n = 182) were analyzed. Intriguingly, a significant reduction in the levels of sBG in endocervical mucus but not in the serum of endometriosis patients compared to controls was observed. Collectively, these observations support a novel role for BG in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Role of Betaglycan in TGF-\u03b2 Signaling and Wound Healing in Human Endometriotic Epithelial Cells and in Endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Agnes N.","family":"Mwaura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 10-12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 10-12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane B.","family":"Maoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 10-12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezekiel","family":"Mecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles O. A.","family":"Omwandho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Biochemistry, Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya 10300, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Scheiner-Bobis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Meinhold-Heerlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 10-12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5878-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 10-12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.11.018","article-title":"Is endometriosis more common and more severe than it was 30 years ago?","volume":"27","author":"Ghiasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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