{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T17:42:12Z","timestamp":1772559732407,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS120022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS120022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014906","name":"Brain Injury Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Young Investigator Seed Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Young Investigator Seed Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Valley Research Partnership","award":["P1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to examine characteristics of TBI and patient demographics that might be predictive of subsequent SWD development. This single-institution retrospective study included patients diagnosed with a TBI during 2008\u20132019 who also had a subsequent diagnosis of an SWD. Data were collected using ICD-9\/10 codes for 207 patients and included the following: age at initial TBI, gender, TBI severity, number of TBIs diagnosed prior to SWD diagnosis, type of SWD, and time from initial TBI to SWD diagnosis. Multinomial logit and negative-binomial models were fit to investigate whether the multiple types of SWD and the time to onset of SWD following TBI could be predicted by patient variables. Distributions of SWD diagnosed after TBI were similar between genders. The probability of insomnia increased with increasing patient age. The probability of \u2018difficulty sleeping\u2019 was highest in 7\u20139 year-old TBI patients. Older TBI patients had shorter time to SWD onset than younger patients. Patients with severe TBI had the shortest time to SWD onset, whereas patients with mild or moderate TBI had comparable times to SWD onset. Multiple TBI characteristics and patient demographics were predictive of a subsequent SWD diagnosis in the pediatric population. This is an important step toward increasing education among providers, parents, and patients about the risk of developing SWD following TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Traumatic Brain Injury Characteristics Predictive of Subsequent Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Gerald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Bryce","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabitha R. F.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Danielle","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. David","family":"Adelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9404-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.01.007","article-title":"Determinants of social behavior deficits and recovery after pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"314","author":"Zamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. 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