{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:41:01Z","timestamp":1770817261252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["806996-JUSTSO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["806996-JUSTSO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS PI17\/01962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI17\/01962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS PI20\/00804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI20\/00804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD21\/0009\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0009\/0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD21\/0009\/0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0009\/0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gencat Suport Grups de Recerca","award":["2017 SGR 316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 316"]}]},{"name":"Gencat Suport Grups de Recerca","award":["2017 SGR 530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 530"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Since the beginning of the 21st century, the large number and wide chemical variety of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that enter the market every year has become a public health problem. Given the rapidity with which the drug market is changing, many NPS are not clinically investigated and their effects and health risks are unknown. Drug testing is a very useful tool for this purpose, but, unfortunately, it is not very widespread in individuals with opioid-use disorder under detoxification treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of illicit drugs and NPS in opioid-use disorder (OUD) patients on opioid agonist treatment. (2) Methods: A multicenter, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at two addiction care services in Barcelona and Badalona, Spain. Urine samples were collected from OUD individuals attending these two centers, who anonymously donated a urine sample at the time of a periodical visit. Samples were analyzed by high-sensitivity gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high \u2013resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). (3) Results: Out of the 187 collected and analyzed urine samples, 27.3% were positive for any type of NPS and 8.6% were positive for new synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and its derivatives (NSO). Other frequently detected substances were benzodiazepines in 46.0% of samples, antipsychotics in 27.8% of samples, or cocaine and cannabis in 23.5% of samples. (4) Conclusion: A wide number of NPS, including NSO, have been detected in urine samples from an OUD population. A lack of NPS detection in standard drug screening among drug users can hide the identification of a potential public health problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1650701646000},"page":"645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["New Psychoactive Substances Consumption in Opioid-Use Disorder Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2237-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Al\u00edas-Ferri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group, IMIM\u2014Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3348-5297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Marchei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Pacifici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Concetta","family":"Rotolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Pichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ma\u00f1\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Papaseit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6301-431X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Muga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08913 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francina","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group, IMIM\u2014Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Addiction Program, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Torrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group, IMIM\u2014Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"},{"name":"Addiction Program, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mag\u00ed","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2008). 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