{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:15:39Z","timestamp":1793412939314,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":354,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing industrial activity of the growing human population, the accumulation of various contaminants in soil, including heavy metals, has increased rapidly. Heavy metals as non-biodegradable elements persist in the soil environment and may pollute crop plants, further accumulating in the human body causing serious conditions. Hence, phytoremediation of land contamination as an environmental restoration technology is desirable for both human health and broad-sense ecology. Legumes (Fabaceae), which play a special role in nitrogen cycling, are dominant plants in contaminated areas. Therefore, the use of legumes and associated nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the soil is environmentally friendly and becomes a promising strategy for phytoremediation and phytostabilization. Rhizobia, which have such plant growth-promoting (PGP) features as phosphorus solubilization, phytohormone synthesis, siderophore release, production of beneficial compounds for plants, and most of all nitrogen fixation, may promote legume growth while diminishing metal toxicity. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive description of the main effects of metal contaminants in nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants and the benefits of using the legume\u2013rhizobium symbiosis with both wild-type and genetically modified plants and bacteria to enhance an efficient recovery of contaminated lands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T13:40:57Z","timestamp":1651066857000},"page":"676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Utilization of Legume-Nodule Bacterial Symbiosis in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4932-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika El\u017cbieta","family":"Jach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w Street 1I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4179-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Sajnaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w Street 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ziaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Studies, Medical College, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Cicha Street 2a, 35-326 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, G.P., Schrire, B., Mackinder, B., and Lock, M. (2005). Legumes of the World, Royal Botanic Gardens.","DOI":"10.2307\/25065563"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-013-0189-y","article-title":"Legumes for feed, food, biomaterials and bioenergy in Europe: A review","volume":"34","author":"Voisin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-016-0085-1","article-title":"Multiple benefits of legumes for agriculture sustainability: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Stagnari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2021.100520","article-title":"Legumes as a sustainable source of protein in human diets","volume":"28","author":"Semba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hueda, M.V. (2017). The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition. Functional Food-Improve Health through Adequate Food, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/66263"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2003.07.002","article-title":"Grain legumes\u2014A boon to human nutrition","volume":"14","author":"Tharanathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-016-0365-y","article-title":"Grain legume decline and potential recovery in European agriculture: A review","volume":"36","author":"Zander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2005.11.008","article-title":"Grain legume proteins and nutraceutical properties","volume":"77","author":"Duranti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"346","article-title":"Young herbaceous legumes\u2014A natural reserve of bioactive compounds and antioxidants for healthy food and supplements","volume":"90","author":"Benetis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-53017-4_3","article-title":"Novel Dietary and Nutraceutical Supplements from Legumes","volume":"45","author":"Budhwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Agro. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocira, A., Staniak, M., Tomaszewska, M., Kornas, R., Cymerman, J., Panasiewicz, K., and Lipi\u0144ska, H. (2020). Legume Cover Crops as One of the Elements of Strategic Weed Management and Soil Quality Improvement. A Review. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10090394"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, P.M., Williams, G., Viator, H.P., Viator, R.P., and Webber, C.L. (2020). Legume Cover Crop Effects on Temperate Sugarcane Yields and Their Decomposition in Soil. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10050703"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2018.99140","article-title":"The Role of Cover Crops towards Sustainable Soil Health and Agriculture\u2014A Review Paper","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0253-4_12","article-title":"Legume Green Manuring: An Option for Soil Sustainability","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Meena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meena, R.S., Das, A., Yadav, G.S., and Lal, R. (2018). Nitrogen and Legumes: A Meta-analysis. Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0253-4"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bacteria Involved in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Symbiosis: Current Taxonomic Perspective","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes for Legume Improvement"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01172","article-title":"Effects of Nitrogen application on nitrogen fixation in common bean production","volume":"11","author":"Reinprecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2015.01.012","article-title":"Magnitude and farm-economic value of grain legume pre-crop benefits in Europe: A review","volume":"175","author":"Preissel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-015-0297-y","article-title":"Underestimated role of legume roots for soil N fertility","volume":"35","author":"Carranca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj15.0086","article-title":"Cover crops and ecosystem services: Insights from studies in temperate soils","volume":"107","author":"Shaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1614\/WS-D-10-00101.1","article-title":"Timing of Cover-Crop Management Effects on weed suppression in no-till planted soybean using a roller crimper","volume":"59","author":"Mirsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsalahy, H., D\u00f6ring, T., Bellingrath-Kimura, S., and Arends, D. (2019). Weed Suppression in Only-Legume Cover Crop Mixtures. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9100648"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.10.012","article-title":"Ecological services of faba bean","volume":"115","author":"Nemecek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0056-7","article-title":"Legumes for mitigation of climate change and the provision of feedstock for biofuels and biorefineries. A review","volume":"32","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-1787-2013","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, oilseed rape and dry peas","volume":"10","author":"Jeuffroy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"775","article-title":"Review of heavy metal remediation of contaminated soils (ii): Legume-rhizobia symbiosis, mycorrhiza and other microbes: A review","volume":"16","author":"Abdu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2008.09.014","article-title":"Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organics oil contaminants: Potential and challenges","volume":"176","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.115","article-title":"Maps of heavy metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority areas for detailed assessment","volume":"565","author":"Hermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-100X.2001.94007.x","article-title":"Soil seed bank as an input of seed source in revegetation of lead\/zinc mine tailings","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109779","article-title":"Understanding the molecular mechanisms for the enhanced phytoremediation of heavy metals through plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: A review","volume":"254","author":"Manoj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.12.017","article-title":"Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety","volume":"88","author":"Hermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"115","article-title":"Rhizobium\u2013Legume Symbiosis: A Model System for the Recovery of Metal-Contaminated Agricultural Land","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Zaidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Legumes and Bioremediation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075","article-title":"Phytoremediation of heavy metals\u2014concepts and applications","volume":"91","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"159","article-title":"Phytoremediation of Agricultural Soils: Using Plants to Clean Metal-Contaminated Arable Land","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"81","article-title":"PGPRs and nitrogen-fixing legumes: A perfect team for efficient Cd phytoremediation?","volume":"6","author":"Marino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"101","article-title":"Biorhizoremediation of heavy metals toxicity using rhizobium-legume symbioses","volume":"Volume 42","author":"Dakora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Towards Poverty Alleviation through Sustainable Agriculture. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"205","article-title":"Rhizobium-legume symbioses: Heavy metal effects and principal approaches for bioremediation of contaminated soil","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Meena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagorzi, C., Checcucci, A., DiCenzo, G.C., Debiec-Andrzejewska, K., Dziewit, \u0141., Pini, F., and Mengoni, A. (2018). Harnessing Rhizobia to Improve Heavy-Metal Phytoremediation by Legumes. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9110542"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bradl, H.B. (2005). Heavy Metals in the Environment: Origin, Interaction and Remediation, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.01.048","article-title":"Source identification and apportionment of heavy metals in urban soil profiles","volume":"127","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.01.103","article-title":"Pathways of heavy metals contamination and associated human health risk in Ajay River basin, India","volume":"174","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"115","article-title":"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Aglam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heavy Metals"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/03601239909373221","article-title":"Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in plants and their transfer to human food chain","volume":"34","author":"Dudka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution: Source, impact, and remedies","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomanagement of Metal-Contaminated Soils. Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heavy metals in the ecosystem: Sources and their effects","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heavy Metals in the Environment"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.17221\/11\/2009-SWR","article-title":"The influence of heavy metals on soil biological and chemical properties","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soil Water Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-010-0297-8","article-title":"Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: A review","volume":"8","author":"Nagajyoti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"139","article-title":"Review of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, D. (2008, January 24\u201328). Impacts of Metals and Metalloids on Soil Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Function. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium ISMOM, Puc\u00f3n, Chile.","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-27912008000400003"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012009","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/113\/1\/012009","article-title":"Effects of heavy metals on soil microbial community","volume":"113","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"193","article-title":"Toxicity of heavy metals to soil biological and chemical properties in conditions of environmentally polluted area middle Spi\u0161 (Slovakia)","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2006.03.007","article-title":"The influence of soil heavy metals pollution on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and community composition near a copper smelter","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg032","article-title":"Hazards of heavy metal contamination","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"227","article-title":"Heavy metals and human health","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental Health\u2014Emerging Issues and Practice"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.067","article-title":"Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management","volume":"25","author":"Rai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S.T., Qureshi, S.R., and Wang, M.-G. (2021). Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9030042"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"56","article-title":"Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants: An Overview","volume":"5","author":"Asati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Innov. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.001","article-title":"Occurrence of trace metals in foodstuffs and their health impact","volume":"75","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04691","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans","volume":"6","author":"Briffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017918013293","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of metal toxicity and carcinogenesis","volume":"222","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luch, A. (2012). Heavy Metal Toxicity and Environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752708","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/752708","article-title":"Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants and Bioremediation Methods","volume":"2014","author":"Chibuike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12717","article-title":"A review of green remediation strategies for heavy metal contaminated soil","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00303","article-title":"Potential Biotechnological Strategies for the Cleanup of Heavy Metals and Metalloids","volume":"7","author":"Mosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra, R. (2015). Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants: An Eco-Sustainable Green Technology to Environmental Management. Advances in Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Industrial Waste, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18218-2"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2015.05.001","article-title":"Phytoremediation of heavy metals assisted by plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria: A review","volume":"117","author":"Ullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"271","article-title":"Heavy Metals as Essential Nutrients","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Prasad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heavy Metal Stress in Plants"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"402647","article-title":"Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation","volume":"2011","author":"Wuana","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Ecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.03.005","article-title":"The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants: Implications for the food chain","volume":"41","author":"Lopez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2016.00069","article-title":"Influence of High and Low Levels of Plant-Beneficial Heavy Metal Ions on Plant Growth and Development","volume":"4","author":"Arif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heavy Metals: Biological Importance and Detoxification Strategies","volume":"7","author":"Oves","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bioremed. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867053764635","article-title":"Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress","volume":"12","author":"Valko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6333-x","article-title":"A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.12.068","article-title":"Phytotoxicity and bioavailability of cobalt to plants in a range of soils","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M., and Ahmad, M. (2010). Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants. Plant Adaptation and PhytoremediaKhantion, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9370-7"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Effect of Varying Concentration of Nickel and Cobalt on the Plant Growth and Yield of Chickpea","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2009.10.007","article-title":"Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants","volume":"76","author":"Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1236830","article-title":"Cadmium Toxicity Affects Phytochemicals and Nutrient Elements Composition of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)","volume":"2017","author":"Jibril","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Agric."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"120","article-title":"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Ohyana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nitrogen in Agriculture"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., Prasad, M.N.V., and Fujita, M. (2018). Environmental Hazards of Cadmium: Past, Present, and Future. Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: From Physiology to Remediation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2012.310178","article-title":"Cadmium Toxicity in Plants and Role of Mineral Nutrients in Its Alleviation","volume":"3","author":"Nazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-013-0167-5","article-title":"Copper-stress induced alterations in protein profile and antioxidant enzymes activities in the in vitro grown Withania somnifera L.","volume":"19","author":"Rout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858564","article-title":"Biochemical, physiological, and structural effects of excess copper in plants","volume":"57","author":"Fernandes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4496-5","article-title":"The effect of excess copper on growth and physiology of important food crops: A review","volume":"22","author":"Adrees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-007-9060-y","article-title":"Impact of Heavy Metals (Copper, Zinc, and Lead) on the Chlorophyll Content of Some Mosses","volume":"54","author":"Shakya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"53","article-title":"Effect of copper on growth, dry matter yield and nutrient content of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek","volume":"3","author":"Manivasagaperumal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phytol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-012-0300-2","article-title":"Structural, physiological, and biochemical profiling of tea plantlets under zinc stress","volume":"57","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of Metal Toxicity on Plant Growth and Metabolism: I. Zinc","volume":"23","author":"Rout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agron. EDP Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1897\/07-294.1","article-title":"Modeling the toxicity of copper and zinc salts to wheat in 14 soils","volume":"27","author":"Warne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Envirol. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-021-03642-z","article-title":"Zinc toxicity in plants: A review","volume":"253","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015792723288","article-title":"Arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigated with contaminated water","volume":"240","author":"Abedin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00182","article-title":"Arsenic Toxicity: The Effects on Plant Metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Finnegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, G., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I., Shahid, M., Niazi, N.K., Khan, M.I., Amjad, M., Hussain, M., and Natasha, N. (2018). Arsenic Uptake, Toxicity, Detoxification, and Speciation in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Aspects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010059"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2015.11.021","article-title":"Arsenic toxicity in soybean seedlings and their attenuation mechanisms","volume":"98","author":"Armendariz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effects of Ni2+ toxicity on Hill reaction and membrane functionality in maize","volume":"8","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stress Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1081\/PLN-200049149","article-title":"Effects of nickel on growth and composition of metal micronutrients in barley plants grown in nutrient solution","volume":"28","author":"Rahman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"345","article-title":"Toxicity of Nickel in Plants","volume":"3","author":"Bhalerao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, M.M., Khan, C., Liu, S.J., Qiu, R.L., and Tang, Y.T. (2020). Phytostabilization of cd and pb in highly polluted farmland soils using ramie and amendments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051661"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.09.049","article-title":"A critical review on speciation, mobilization and toxicity of lead in soil-microbe-plant system and bioremediation strategies","volume":"147","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"265","article-title":"The effect of lead on plants in terms of growing and biochemical parameters: A review","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"MOJ Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60315-1","article-title":"Phyto-Toxicity of Chromium in Maize: Oxidative Damage, Osmolyte Accumulation, Anti-Oxidative Defense and Chromium Uptake","volume":"27","author":"Anjum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.01.005","article-title":"Uptake and toxicity of Cr (III) in celery seedlings","volume":"64","author":"Scoccianti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8031213","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8031213","article-title":"Chromium(VI) Toxicity in Legume Plants: Modulation Effects of Rhizobial Symbiosis","volume":"2018","author":"Stambulska","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768523","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.768523","article-title":"Cobalt: An Essential Micronutrient for Plant Growth?","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-3020-9","article-title":"A critical review on toxicity of cobalt and its bioremediation strategies","volume":"2","author":"Mahey","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-012-1207-4","article-title":"Impact of iron toxicity on oxidative metabolism in young Eugenia uniflora L. plants","volume":"35","author":"Cambraia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2006.01.004","article-title":"Impact of iron stress on biomass, yield, metabolism and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)","volume":"108","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"118","article-title":"Tomato reaction on excessive manganese nutrition","volume":"21","author":"Kleiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Manganese-induced oxidative stress in two ontogenetic stages of chamomile and amelioration by nitric oxide","volume":"215","author":"Babula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swartjes, F. (2011). Uptake of Metals from Soil into Vegetables. Dealing with Contaminated Sites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9757-6"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135154","article-title":"Phytochelatins and Metallothioneins: Roles in Heavy Metal Detoxification and Homeostasis","volume":"53","author":"Cobbett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/53.366.1","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance","volume":"53","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"362","article-title":"Response of Plants towards Heavy Metal Toxicity: An overview of Avoidance, Tolerance and Uptake Mechanism","volume":"2","author":"Dalvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, D., Corpas, F., and Palma, J. (2013). Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress and Detoxification Mechanisms in Plants. Heavy Metal Stress in Plants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38469-1"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119035","article-title":"A review on bioremediation approach for heavy metal detoxification and accumulation in plants","volume":"301","author":"Yaashikaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.124750","article-title":"Role of microbial community and metal-binding proteins in phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater","volume":"326","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2013.12.001","article-title":"Metalloproteins and phytochelatin synthase may confer protection against zinc oxide nanoparticle induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"160","author":"Polak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.05.034","article-title":"Cadmium-inducible BgMT2, a type 2 metallothionein gene from mangrove species (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), its encoding protein shows metal-binding ability","volume":"405","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2010.01.011","article-title":"Expression of the seed-specific metallothionein mt4a in plant vegetative tissues increases Cu and Zn tolerance","volume":"178","author":"Doukkali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"299","article-title":"Phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Tamas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of Metal Homeostasis and Detoxification"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5211-9","article-title":"Plant-driven removal of heavy metals from soil: Uptake, translocation, tolerance mechanism, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"188","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(00)00133-4","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms for heavy metal transport in plants","volume":"1465","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg BBA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.01143","article-title":"Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Role of Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Ionomics","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00359","article-title":"Phytoremediation: A Promising Approach for Revegetation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Land","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(00)00138-3","article-title":"The ZIP family of metal transporters","volume":"1465","author":"Guerinot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00662","article-title":"Structure, Function, Regulation and Phylogenetic Relationship of ZIP Family Transporters of Plants","volume":"11","author":"Maharajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.22454","article-title":"The role of heavy-metal ATPases, HMAs, in zinc and cadmium transport in rice","volume":"7","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.05.007","article-title":"The NRAMP family of metal-ion transporters","volume":"1763","author":"Nevo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112907","article-title":"Role of Nramp transporter genes of Spirodela polyrhiza in cadmium accumulation","volume":"227","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustin, J.L., Zanis, M.J., and Salt, D.E. (2011). Structure and evolution of the plant cation diffusion facilitator family of ion transporters. BMC Evol. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-76"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00144","article-title":"Roles of plant metal tolerance proteins (MTP) in metal storage and potential use in biofortification strategies","volume":"4","author":"Ricachenevsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.02.003","article-title":"Plant ABC Transporters enable many unique aspects of a terrestrial plant\u2019s lifestyle","volume":"9","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1914-9_4","article-title":"Legume\u2013Rhizobium Symbioses as a Tool for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Soils","volume":"Volume 20","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomanagement of Metal-Contaminated Soils. Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111750","article-title":"Biotechnological strategies for enhancing heavy metal tolerance in neglected and underutilized legume crops: A comprehensive review","volume":"208","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04301-4","article-title":"Phytoremediation: A sustainable environmental technology for heavy metals decontamination","volume":"3","author":"Nedjimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01735-16","article-title":"Ancient Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils as a Driver of Tolerant Anthyllis vulneraria Rhizobial Communities","volume":"83","author":"Mohamad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2017.1413336","article-title":"Metal resistant rhizobia and ultrastructure of Anthyllis vulneraria nodules from zinc and lead contaminated tailing in Poland","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-04202005000100005","article-title":"Phytoremediation: Green technology for the clean up of toxic metals in the environment","volume":"17","author":"Cardoso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.01.058","article-title":"Ability of Cytisus scoparius for phytoremediation of soils from a Pb\/Zn mine: Assessment of metal bioavailability and bioaccumulation","volume":"235","author":"Andrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-013-1952-1","article-title":"Effect of Cd-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobium on plant growth and Cd uptake by Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Glycine max (L.) Merr. in Cd-contaminated soil","volume":"375","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.04.030","article-title":"The Potential use of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis for the remediation of arsenic contaminated sites","volume":"39","author":"Reichman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"111","article-title":"Responses of Lablab purpureus\u2013Rhizobium symbiosis to heavy metals in pot and field experiments","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2008.07.002","article-title":"Lead accumulation in the roots of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.): A novel plant for phytoremediation systems?","volume":"331","author":"Brunet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:2007048","article-title":"Impact of zinc-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on lentil grown in zinc-amended soil","volume":"28","author":"Wani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijilmassi, B., Filali-Maltouf, A., Boulahyaoui, H., Kricha, A., Boubekri, K., Udupa, S., Kumar, S., and Amri, A. (2020). Assessment of genetic diversity and symbiotic efficiency of selected rhizobia strains nodulating lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010015"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2021.153561","article-title":"Exploring apoplast reorganization in the nodules of Lotus corniculatus L. growing on old Zn-Pb calamine wastes","volume":"268","author":"Rusaczonek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-006-9178-y","article-title":"Use of White Lupin Plant for Phytostabilization of Cd and As Pollute Acid Soil","volume":"177","author":"Agha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.06.001","article-title":"The rotation of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) with metal-accumulating plant crops: A strategy to increase the benefits of soil phytoremediation","volume":"145","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.12.035","article-title":"\u201cIn situ\u201d phytostabilisation of heavy metal polluted soils using Lupinus luteus inoculated with metal resistant plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria","volume":"177","author":"Dary","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-015-2434-4","article-title":"Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase-overproducing Sinorhizobium meliloti on plant growth and copper tolerance of Medicago lupulina","volume":"391","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00863","article-title":"Nodulation by Sinorhizobium meliloti originated from a mining soil alleviates Cd toxicity and increases Cd-phytoextraction in Medicago sativa L.","volume":"6","author":"Ghnaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2012.06.004","article-title":"Metal tolerance of rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of herbaceous legumes (Medicago spp. and Trifolium spp.) growing in mercury-contaminated soils","volume":"61","author":"Nonnoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, G., Ju, W., Liu, Y., Guo, X., Zhao, W., and Fang, L. (2019). Impact of Urea Addition and Rhizobium Inoculation on Plant Resistance in Metal Contaminated Soil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111955"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-007-9097-y","article-title":"Effect of metal-tolerant plant growth-promoting Rhizobium on the performance of pea grown in metal-amended soil","volume":"55","author":"Wani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-008-9383-z","article-title":"Effects of heavy metal toxicity on growth, symbiosis, seed yield and metal uptake in pea grown in metal amended soil","volume":"81","author":"Wani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10026-5","article-title":"Morphological, physiological, and genotoxic effects of heavy metal bioaccumulation in Prosopis laevigata reveal its potential for phytoremediation","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0103b\u0103u, A.M.C., Micle, V., Damian, G.E., and Sur, I.M. (2021). Sustainable Ecological Restoration of Sterile Dumps Using Robinia pseudoacacia. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132414021"},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"155","article-title":"Tree Species as Tools for Biomonitoring and Phytoremediation in Urban Environments: A Review with Special Regard to Heavy Metals","volume":"43","author":"Dadea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arboric. Urban For."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00499-5","article-title":"Growth and metal accumulation in vetiver and two Sesbania species on lead\/zinc mine tailings","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04302-2","article-title":"Effect of Vicia faba L. var. minor and Sulla coronaria (L.) Medik associated with plant growth-promoting bacteria on lettuce cropping system and heavy metal phytoremediation under field conditions","volume":"26","author":"Saadani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10222-5","article-title":"Vicia: A green bridge to clean up polluted environments","volume":"104","author":"Medina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Chemical composition of broad beans (Vicia faba L.) and development parameters of black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) under conditions of soil contamination with oil derivatives","volume":"21","author":"Gospodarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Elem."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2018.1524828","article-title":"Heavy metal phytoextraction potential of indigenous tree species of family fabaceae","volume":"21","author":"Kanwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00232-1","article-title":"Ecological restoration of mine degraded soils, with emphasis on metal contaminated soils","volume":"50","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2013.773273","article-title":"Phytoremediation of Heavy and Transition Metals Aided by Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis","volume":"16","author":"Hao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(01)00150-X","article-title":"Fresh additions of heavy metals do not model long-term effects on microbial biomass and activity","volume":"34","author":"Renella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1897\/02-503","article-title":"Comparison of toxicity of zinc for soil microbial processes between laboratory-contamined and polluted field soils","volume":"22","author":"Smolders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1897\/04-27","article-title":"Soil properties affecting toxicity of zinc to soil microbial properties in laboratory-spiked and field-contaminated soils","volume":"23","author":"Smolders","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-020-04546-9","article-title":"Lotus corniculatus-rhizobia symbiosis under Ni, Co and Cr stress on ultramafic soil","volume":"451","author":"Kasowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1094\/PBIOMES-12-16-0019-RVW","article-title":"The nodule microbiome: N2\u2013fixing rhizobia do not live alone","volume":"1","author":"Hirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytobiomes"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-9750(99)00014-2","article-title":"Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion","volume":"17","author":"Fraga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2010.12.001","article-title":"Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojuederie, O.B., and Babalola, O.O. (2017). Microbial and plant-assisted bioremediation of heavy metals polluted environments: A review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201709.0071.v1"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1325","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the complete genome sequence of the plant growth promoting bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(89)90179-X","article-title":"Absence of nitrogen fixation in clover grown on soil subject to long-term contamination with heavy metals is due to survival of only ineffective Rhizobium","volume":"21","author":"Giller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0103","article-title":"Restoration of high zinc and lead tailings with municipal biosolids and lime: A field study","volume":"38","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.6.6.375","article-title":"Mineral-based amendments for remediation","volume":"6","author":"Vlassopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpq061","article-title":"Woody legumes: A (re)view from the south","volume":"30","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-020-00668-x","article-title":"Bradyrhizobia associated with Laburnum anagyroides, an exotic legume grown in Poland","volume":"80","author":"Sajnaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-06-11-0172","article-title":"Legume-nodulating betaproteobacteria: Diversity, host range, and future prospects","volume":"24","author":"Gyaneshwar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Microbe. Interact."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04458.x","article-title":"Burkholderia species are ancient symbionts of legumes","volume":"19","author":"Bontemps","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-05-16-0091-R","article-title":"Symbiotic Burkholderia species show diverse arrangements of nif\/fix and nod genes, and lack typical high affinity cytochrome cbb3 oxidase genes","volume":"29","author":"Briscoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Microbe. Interact."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/35082070","article-title":"Nodulation of legumes by members of the b-subclass of Proteobacteria","volume":"411","author":"Moulin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lett. Nat."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2020.126056","article-title":"Putative novel Bradyrhizobium and Phyllobacterium species isolated from root nodules of Chamaecytisus ruthenicus","volume":"43","author":"Kalita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2015.01.002","article-title":"A large diversity of nonrhizobial endophytes found in legume root nodules in Flanders (Belgium)","volume":"83","author":"Vekeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02039","article-title":"Plant recognition of symbiotic bacteria requires two LysM receptor-like kinases","volume":"425","author":"Radutoiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"838","article-title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation mediated changes in rhizosphere bacterial community structure while promoting revegetation in a semiarid ecosystem","volume":"584","author":"Caravaca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tropical Legume Nodulating Bacteria","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Franche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of Tropical Plants"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-4-715","article-title":"Polyphasic taxonomy of rhizobia: Emendation of the genus Sinorhizobium and description of Sinorhizobium meliloti comb. nov., Sinorhizobium saheli sp. nov., and Sinorhizobium teranga sp. nov.","volume":"44","author":"Willems","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-3-511","article-title":"Rhizobium ciceri sp. nov., consisting of strains that nodulate chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)","volume":"44","author":"Nour","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-706","article-title":"Bradyrhizobium liaoningense sp. nov., isolated from the root nodules of soybeans","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-1-151","article-title":"Numerical taxonomy and DNA relatedness of tropical rhizobia isolated from Hainan Province, China","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-1-153","article-title":"Characteristics of Rhizobium tianshanense sp. nov., a moderately and slowly growing root nodule bacterium","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.11.4914-4920.1999","article-title":"Relationships of bradyrhizobia from the legumes Apios americana and Desmodium glutinosum","volume":"65","author":"Parker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.8.2818-2825.1996","article-title":"Four unnamed species of nonsymbiotic rhizobia isolated from the rhizosphere of Lotus corniculatus","volume":"62","author":"Sullivan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.54","article-title":"Non-symbiotic Bradyrhizobium ecotypes dominate north American forest soils","volume":"9","author":"Vanlnsberghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/35088167","article-title":"Genome sequencing. The ABC of symbiosis","volume":"412","author":"Downie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796045","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.796045","article-title":"The rhizobium-legume symbiosis: Co-opting successful stress management","volume":"12","author":"Hawkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092839","article-title":"Coordinating nodule morphogenesis with rhizobial infection in legumes","volume":"59","author":"Oldroyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132549","article-title":"The rules of engagement in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis","volume":"45","author":"Oldroyd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global gene expression in the rhizobial-legume symbiosis","volume":"42","author":"Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28068-4_4","article-title":"The mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen fixation","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Hurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Mechanistic Benefits of Microbial Symbionts. Advances in Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02045","article-title":"A receptor kinase gene of the LysM type is involved in legume perception of rhizobial signals","volume":"425","author":"Madsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"191","article-title":"Bradyrhizobium, the ancestor of all rhizobia: Phylogeny of housekeeping and nitrogen-fixation genes","volume":"Volume 1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Nitrogen Fixation"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-014-0503-5","article-title":"The spread of Bradyrhizobium lineages across host legume clades: From Abarema to Zygia","volume":"69","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1705","article-title":"How rhizobial symbionts invade plants: The Sinorhizobium-Medicago model","volume":"5","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81234-9","article-title":"Calcium spiking in plant root hairs responding to rhizobium nodulation signals","volume":"85","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.021113","article-title":"Nod factor inhibition of reactive oxygen efflux in a host legume","volume":"132","author":"Shaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.125674","article-title":"Mechanism of infection thread elongation in root hairs of Medicago truncatula and dynamic interplay with associated rhizobial colonization","volume":"148","author":"Fournier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Cerro, P., Meg\u00edas, M., L\u00f3pez-Baena, F.J., Gil-Serrano, A., P\u00e9rez-Monta\u00f1o, F., and Ollero, F.J. (2019). Osmotic stress activates nif and fix genes and induces the rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 nod factor production via NodD2 by up-regulation of the nodA2 operon and the nodA3 gene. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213298"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Monta\u00f1o, F., del Cerro, P., Jim\u00e9nez-Guerrero, I., L\u00f3pez-Baena, F.J., Cubo, M.T., Hungria, M., Meg\u00edas, M., and Ollero, F.J. (2016). RNA-seq analysis of the rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 transcriptome shows similarities in the activation patterns of symbiotic genes in the presence of apigenin and salt. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2543-3"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28937-0","article-title":"Isolation of salt-sensitive mutants of Sinorhizobium meliloti strain Rm1021","volume":"152","author":"Loewen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.3.1409-1417.1990","article-title":"Symbiotic pseudorevertants of Rhizobium meliloti ndv mutants","volume":"172","author":"Dylan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01492.x","article-title":"Suppression of the ndv mutant phenotype of Rhizobium meliloti by cloned exo genes","volume":"6","author":"Nagpal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"e23307","article-title":"Osmoadatptation by rhizosphere bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02183090","article-title":"Mechanism of osmotically regulated N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide production in rhizobium meliloti","volume":"161","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.13.4650","article-title":"K+ regulates bacteroid-associated functions of Bradyrhizobium","volume":"84","author":"Gober","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.84.1.164","article-title":"Steady and nonsteady state gas exchange characteristics of soybean nodules in relation to the oxygen diffusion barrier","volume":"84","author":"Hunt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro954","article-title":"Genetic regulation of biological nitrogen fixation","volume":"2","author":"Dixon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"155","article-title":"FNR-like proteins in rhizobia: Past and future","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Brujin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biology Nitrogen Fixation"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000284","article-title":"Expanding the regulatory network that controls nitrogen fixation in Sinorhizobium meliloti: Elucidating the role of the two-component system hFixL-FxkR","volume":"162","author":"Talbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutten, P.J., Steel, H., Hood, G.A., Ramachandran, V.K., McMurtry, L., Geddes, B., Papachristodoulou, A., Philip, S., and Poole, P.S. (2021). Multiple sensors provide spatiotemporal oxygen regulation of gene expression in a rhizobium-legume symbiosis. PLoS Genet., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009099"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00384","article-title":"Which role for nitric oxide in symbiotic N2-fixing nodules: Toxic by-product or useful signaling\/metabolic intermediate?","volume":"4","author":"Boscari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5136","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide: Key regulators of the legume-rhizobium and mycorrhizal symbioses","volume":"18","author":"Puppo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01901.x","article-title":"A transient decrease in reactive oxygen species in roots leads to root hair deformation in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis","volume":"173","author":"Lohar","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI.2003.16.3.217","article-title":"Expression of the bacterial catalase genes during Sinorhizobium meliloti- Medicago sativa symbiosis and their crucial role during the infection process","volume":"16","author":"Jamet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj184","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and glutathione: Key players in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis","volume":"57","author":"Pauly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00047-11","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional and physiological responses of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to paraquat-mediated oxidative stress","volume":"77","author":"Donati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03060-z","article-title":"An NADPH oxidase regulates carbon metabolism and the cell cycle during root nodule symbiosis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)","volume":"21","author":"Nava","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00681-13","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides from Sinorhizobium meliloti can protect against H2O2-dependent damage","volume":"195","author":"Lehman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00392","article-title":"Disentangling who is who during rhizosphere acidification in root interactions: Combining fluorescence with optode techniques","volume":"4","author":"Faget","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12116","article-title":"Peribacteroid space acidification: A marker of mature bacteroid functioning in Medicago truncatula nodules","volume":"36","author":"Pierre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-06-14-0168-R","article-title":"Exopolysaccharide production in response to medium acidification is correlated with an increase in competition for nodule occupancy","volume":"27","author":"Geddes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00846","article-title":"Dissecting the acid stress response of rhizobium tropici CIAT 899","volume":"9","author":"Lozano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.6.1798-1804.1993","article-title":"Studies of the physiological and genetic basis of acid tolerance in rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09622.x","article-title":"Sinorhizobium medicae genes whose regulation involves the ActS and\/or ActR signal transduction proteins","volume":"236","author":"Fenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29278","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29278","article-title":"A consolidated analysis of the physiologic and molecular responses induced under acid stress in the legume-symbiont model-soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti","volume":"6","author":"Draghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.6.1748-1753.2000","article-title":"Glutathione is involved in environmental stress responses in rhizobium tropici, including acid tolerance","volume":"182","author":"Riccillo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/003483-0","article-title":"Rhizobium tropici response to acidity involves activation of glutathione synthesis","volume":"153","author":"Muglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1984.03615995004800060014x","article-title":"The correlation between extracellular polysaccharide production and acid tolerance in rhizobium","volume":"48","author":"Cunningham","year":"1984","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-07-17-0176-R","article-title":"Succinoglycan directly contributes to pH tolerance in Sinorhizboium meliloti Rm1021","volume":"30","author":"Hawkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heavner, M.E., Qiu, W.G., and Cheng, H. (2015). Phylogenetic co-occurrence of ExoR, ExoS, and ChvI, components of the RSI bacterial invasion switch, suggests a key adaptive mechanism regulating the transition between free-living and host-invading phases in Rhizobiales. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135655"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14625","article-title":"Sinorhizobium meliloti succinylated high-molecular-weight succinoglycan and the Medicago truncatula LysM receptor-like kinase MtLYK10 participate independently in symbiotic infection","volume":"102","author":"Maillet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendis, H.C., Madzima, T.F., Queiroux, C., and Jones, K.M. (2016). Function of succinoglycan polysaccharide in Sinorhizobium meliloti host plant invasion depends on succinylation, not molecular weight. MBio, 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00606-16"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14025","article-title":"Terminal bacteroid differentiation in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis: Nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides and beyond","volume":"211","author":"Alunni","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haag, A.F., Baloban, M., Sani, M., Kerscher, B., Pierre, O., Farkas, A., Longhi, R., Boncompagni, E., H\u00e9rouart, D., and Dall\u2019angelo, S. (2011). Protection of Sinorhizobium against host cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides is critical for symbiosis. PLoS Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001169"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2011.02.005","article-title":"Natural roles of antimicrobial peptides in microbes, plants and animals","volume":"162","author":"Maroti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-04-15-0094-R","article-title":"Bradyrhizobium BclA is a peptide transporter required for bacterial differentiation in Symbiosis with Aeschynomene legumes","volume":"28","author":"Guefrachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1071\/SR04019","article-title":"Relative efficiency of rhizobacteria for auxin biosynthesis in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils","volume":"42","author":"Khalid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01200-12","article-title":"Genome sequence and mutational analysis of plant growth promoting bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286 isolated from a zinc-lead mine tailing","volume":"78","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02756-09","article-title":"Improvement of phosphate solubilization and Medicago plant yield by an indole-3-acetic acid-overproducing strain of Sinorhizobium meliloti","volume":"76","author":"Bianco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI.2004.17.10.1153","article-title":"Flavonoids, NodD1, NodD2, and nodbox NB15 modulate expression of the y4wEFG locus that is required for indole-3-acetic acid synthesis in Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234","volume":"17","author":"Theunis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020890311499","article-title":"Is IAA the major root growth factor secreted from plant-growth mediating bacteria?","volume":"25","author":"Barazani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2000.6451644x","article-title":"Rhizobia inoculation improves nutrient uptake and growth of lowland rice","volume":"64","author":"Dazzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2007.00072.x","article-title":"Indole-3-acetic acid in microbial and microorganism plant signaling","volume":"31","author":"Spaepen","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.07.030","article-title":"Modulation of plant ethylene levels by the bacterial enzyme ACC deaminase","volume":"251","author":"Glick","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2006.01.001","article-title":"Production and metabolism of indole acetic acid in roots and root nodules of Phaseolus mungo","volume":"161","author":"Ghosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.015677","article-title":"Dual genetic pathways controlling nodule number in Medicago truncatula","volume":"131","author":"Penmetsa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-008-0365-7","article-title":"Introduction of a novel pathway for IAA biosynthesis to rhizobia alters vetch root nodule development","volume":"190","author":"Camerini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80442-6","article-title":"Stimulation of indole-3-acetic acid production in Rhizobium by flavonoids","volume":"282","author":"Prinsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00359.x","article-title":"Cadmium uptake and nitrogen fixing ability in heavy-metal resistant laboratory and field strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii","volume":"22","author":"Purchase","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012912700268","article-title":"Response of Rhizobium leguminosarum to nickel stress","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"World J. Microb. Biot."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2005.12.009","article-title":"Glutathione-mediated cadmium sequestration in Rhizobium leguminosarum","volume":"39","author":"Lima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.12.018","article-title":"Transfer and loss of naturally-occurring plasmids among isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae in heavy metal contaminated soils","volume":"39","author":"Lakzian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.07.053","article-title":"Analysis and characterization of cultivable heavy metal-resistant bacterial endophytes isolated from Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and their potential use for phytoremediation","volume":"85","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3111-3118.2006","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer of PIB-Type ATPases among bacteria isolated from radionuclide-and metal-contaminated subsurface soils","volume":"72","author":"Martinez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.09.115","article-title":"Antioxidant systems responses and the compatible solutes as contributing factors to lead accumulation and tolerance in Lathyrus sativus inoculated by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria","volume":"166","author":"Abdelkrim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2016.04.015","article-title":"Characterization of efficient plant-growth-promoting bacteria isolated form Sulla coronaria resistant to cadmium and to other heavy metals","volume":"339","author":"Chiboub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(02)00091-3","article-title":"Heavy metals and arsenic uptake by wild vegetation in the Guadiamar river area after the toxic spill of the Aznalcollar mine","volume":"98","author":"Font","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"e01387","article-title":"Mixed nitrogen form addition facilitates the growth adaptation of legume plant to heavy metal contamination in degraded mining areas","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sujkowska-Rybkowska, M., Muszy\u0144ska, E., and Labudda, M. (2020). Structural adaptation and physiological mechanisms in the leaves of Anthyllis vulneraria L. from metallicolous and non-metallicolous populations. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050662"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2000.00472425002900050010x","article-title":"Response of four turfgrass cultivars to limestone and biosolids-compost amendment of a zinc and cadmium contaminated soil at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","volume":"29","author":"Chaney","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_273","first-page":"311","article-title":"Phytoremediation of Soil Trace Elements","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Hooda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trace Elements in Soils"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2004.11.015","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of symbiotically effective Rhizobium resistant to arsenic and heavy metals after the toxic spill at the Aznalc\u00f3llar pyrite mine","volume":"37","author":"Carrasco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_275","first-page":"285","article-title":"Metal hyperaccumulation in plants: Biodiversity prospecting for phytoremediation technology","volume":"6","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechn."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.12.018","article-title":"Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils-to mobilize or to immobilize?","volume":"266","author":"Bolan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.03.009","article-title":"Alleviation of phytotoxic effects of cadmium on rice seedlings by cadmium resistant PGPR strain Enterobacter aerogenes MCC 3092","volume":"351","author":"Pramanik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.07.055","article-title":"Nitrogen form regulates cadmium uptake and accumulation in Tanzania guinea grass used for phytoextraction","volume":"236","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.02.090","article-title":"Partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium increases photosynthesis and reduces oxidative stress in Tanzania guinea grass exposed to cadmium","volume":"174","author":"Leite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55426-6_13","article-title":"Exploiting nitrogen-fixing rhizobial symbionts genetic resources for improving phytoremediation of contaminated soils","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Checcucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enhancing Cleanup of Environmental Pollutants"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1021\/es504956a","article-title":"Copper tolerance mechanisms of Mesorhizobium amorphae and its role in aiding phytostabilization by Robinia pseudoacacia in copper contaminated soil","volume":"49","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.11.065","article-title":"Comparing legumes for use in multiple cropping to enhance soil organic carbon, soil fertility, aggregates stability and vegetables yields under semiarid conditions","volume":"246","author":"Zornoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110563","article-title":"Effects of sodium sulfide application on the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia, heavy metal immobilization, and soil microbial activity in PbeZn polluted soil","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_284","first-page":"171","article-title":"The potential contribution of plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce environmental degradation\u2013A comprehensive evaluation","volume":"61","author":"Hernandez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00032","article-title":"Rhizobia and their bio-partners as novel drivers for functional remediation in contaminated soils","volume":"6","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.05.036","article-title":"Influence of temperature and salinity on heavy metal uptake by submersed plants","volume":"133","author":"Fritioff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1078\/0176-1617-01007","article-title":"Accumulating behaviour of Lupinus albus L. growing in a normal and a decalcified calcic luvisol polluted with Zn","volume":"160","author":"Pastor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-008-9143-3","article-title":"Bioavailability of metals and as from acidified multicontaminated soils: Use of white lupin to validate several extraction methods","volume":"30","author":"Vazquez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.081158","article-title":"Spatial imaging, speciation, and quantification of selenium in the hyperaccumulator plants Astragalus bisulcatus and Stanleya pinnata","volume":"142","author":"Freeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, S., Xu, S., Zhang, D., Fu, Z., Zhang, H., and Zhu, H. (2022). Phytoremediation of Secondary Salinity in Greenhouse Soil with Astragalus sinicus, Spinacea oleracea and Lolium perenne. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12020212"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112821","article-title":"A review on disposal and utilization of phytoremediation plants containing heavy metals","volume":"226","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.016","article-title":"Impact of co-inoculation with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and rhizobium on the biochemical responses of alfalfa-soil system in copper contaminated soil","volume":"167","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.06.043","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances from copper-tolerance Sinorhizobium meliloti immobilize Cu2+","volume":"261","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.08.032","article-title":"Bacterial mediated alleviation of heavy metal stress and decreased accumulation of metals in plant tissues: Mechanisms and future prospects","volume":"147","author":"Etesami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01892","article-title":"Mechanism enhancing Arabidopsis resistance to cadmium: The role of NRT1.5 and proton pump","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2014.07.017","article-title":"Genomic analyses of metal resistance genes in three plant growth promoting bacteria of legume plants in Northwest mine tailings, China","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.12.002","article-title":"Potential of siderophore-producing bacteria for improving heavy metal phytoextraction","volume":"28","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.04.032","article-title":"In situ phytostabilisation capacity of three legumes and their associated Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPBs) in mine tailings of northern Tunisia","volume":"130","author":"Saadani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.03.015","article-title":"Reveal the response of enzyme activities to heavy metals through in situ zymography","volume":"156","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.04.088","article-title":"Metal availability in heavy metal-contaminated open burning and open detonation soil: Assessment using soil enzymes, earthworms, and chemical extractions","volume":"170","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2001.2091","article-title":"Phytosiderophores influence on cadmium mobilization and uptake by wheat and barley plants","volume":"30","author":"Shenker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2018.910148","article-title":"Available approaches of remediation and stabilization of metal contamination in soil: A review","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.102","article-title":"Enhanced phytoremediation of Robinia pseudoacatia in heavy metal-contamined soils with rhizobia and the associated bacterial community structure and function","volume":"197","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01473","article-title":"Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Context, mechanisms of action, and roadmap to commercialization of biostimulants for sustainable agriculture","volume":"9","author":"Backer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.04.004","article-title":"Plant-microbe interactions: Novel applications for exploitation in multipurpose remediation technologies","volume":"30","author":"Abhilash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.06.003","article-title":"Genetically modified plants in phytoremediation of heavy metal and metalloid soil and sediment pollution","volume":"27","author":"Kotrba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.828257","article-title":"Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.): Genotypic Diversity and Transgenic Alfalfa for Phytoremediation","volume":"10","author":"Tussipkan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8439","DOI":"10.1021\/es070908q","article-title":"Phytoremediation of mercury and organomercurials in chloroplast transgenic plants: Enhanced root uptake, translocation to shoots, and volatilization","volume":"41","author":"Hussein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1004-2","article-title":"Chloroplast genomes: Diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering","volume":"17","author":"Daniell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816-017-0467-2","article-title":"Recent strategies of increasing metal tolerance and phytoremediation potential using genetic transformation of plants","volume":"12","author":"Wiszniewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venegas-Rioseco, J., Ginocchio, R., and Ortiz-Calder\u00f3n, C. (2021). Increase in Phytoextraction Potential by Genome Editing and Transformation: A Review. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010086"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.09.044","article-title":"Transgenic poplar trees expressing yeast cadmium factor 1 exhibit the characteristics necessary for the phytoremediation of mine tailing soil","volume":"90","author":"Shim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112097","article-title":"Overexpression of SmZIP plays important roles in Cd accumulation and translocation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in transgenic tobacco under Cd stress","volume":"214","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-011-9958-y","article-title":"Overexpression of AtATM3 in Brassica juncea confers enhanced heavy metal tolerance and accumulation","volume":"107","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.02.008","article-title":"Overexpression of TtNRAMP6 enhances the accumulation of Cd in Arabidopsis","volume":"696","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Tian, S., Lu, L., Shohag, M.J., and Yang, X. (2014). Metallothionein 2 (SaMT2) from Sedum alfredii Hance confers increased Cd tolerance and accumulation in yeast and tobacco. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102750"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C., Xu, J., Li, Q., Li, S., Wang, P., and Xiang, F. (2014). Cloning and characterization of a Phragmites australis phytochelatin synthase (PaPCS) and achieving Cd tolerance in tall fescue. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103771"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639189","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.639189","article-title":"Overexpression of BnPCS1, a Novel Phytochelatin Synthase Gene from Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), Enhanced Cd Tolerance, Accumulation, and Translocation in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_319","unstructured":"Ahmad, P. (2016). Plant Metallothioneins: Classification, Distribution, Function, and Regulation. Plant Metal Interaction, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6838","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.18.6838","article-title":"Phytochelatins, the heavy-metal-binding peptides of plants, are synthesized from glutathione by a specific gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthase)","volume":"86","author":"Grill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00751","article-title":"Glutathione S-Transferases: Role in Combating Abiotic Stresses Including Arsenic Detoxification in Plants","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2019.1606784","article-title":"Enhancement of heavy metal tolerance and accumulation efficiency by expressing Arabidopsis ATP sulfurylase gene in alfalfa","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1139\/B08-025","article-title":"Enhanced zinc and cadmium tolerance and accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively overexpressing a barley gene (HvAPX1) that encodes a peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Botany"},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-014-1595-6","article-title":"Copper-mediated genotoxic stress is attenuated by the overexpression of the DNA repair gene MtTdp2\u03b1 (tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2) in Medicago truncatula plants","volume":"33","author":"Balestrazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-016-1130-2","article-title":"The effect of cadmium on transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants overexpressing the StDREB transcription factors","volume":"128","author":"Charfeddine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_326","first-page":"449","article-title":"Overexpression of tomato RING E3 ubiquitin ligase gene SlRING1 confers cadmium tolerance by attenuating cadmium accumulation and oxidative stress","volume":"173","author":"Ahammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.04.018","article-title":"Overexpressing GSH1 and AsPCS1 simultaneously increases the tolerance and accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"72","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.026989","article-title":"Overexpression of selenocysteine methyltransferase in Arabidopsis and Indian mustard increases selenium tolerance and accumulation","volume":"135","author":"LeDuc","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01175","article-title":"A Snapshot of Functional Genetic Studies in Medicago truncatula","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI.2001.14.6.695","article-title":"Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots of Medicago truncatula for the study of nitrogen-fixing and endomycorrhizal symbiotic associations","volume":"14","author":"Chabaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8778-8_11","article-title":"A Unified Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Protocol for Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Medicago truncatula","volume":"1864","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14910","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9092-4","article-title":"Double genetically modified symbiotic system for improved Cu phytostabilization in legume roots","volume":"24","author":"Delgadillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.02.042","article-title":"Transgenic alfalfa plants co-expressing glutathione S-transferase (GST) and human CYP2E1 show enhanced resistance to mixed contaminates of heavy metals and organic pollutants","volume":"189","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.06.065","article-title":"Enhanced phytoremediation of mixed heavy metal (mercury)-organic pollutants (trichloroethylene) with transgenic alfalfa co-expressing glutathione S-transferase and human P450 2E1","volume":"260","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.01.011","article-title":"Engineering PGPMOs through Gene Editing and Systems Biology: A Solution for Phytoremediation?","volume":"36","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.N., and Tripathi, R.D. (2007). Accumulation and Detoxification of Metals by Plants and Microbes. Environmental Bioremediation Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-34793-4"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(02)00219-5","article-title":"A novel bioremediation system for heavy metals using the symbiosis between leguminous plant and genetically engineered rhizobia","volume":"99","author":"Sriprang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.3.1791-1796.2003","article-title":"Enhanced accumulation of Cd2+ by a Mesorhizobium sp. transformed with a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana coding for phytochelatin synthase","volume":"69","author":"Sriprang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.07.058","article-title":"Bioremediation of cadmium contaminated soil using symbiosis between leguminous plant and recombinant rhizobia with the MTL4 and the PCS genes","volume":"66","author":"Ike","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00015","article-title":"Efficacy of a Plant-Microbe System: Pisum sativum (L.) cadmium-tolerant mutant and Rhizobium leguminosarum strains, expressing pea metallothionein Genes PsMT1 and PsMT2, for cadmium phytoremediation","volume":"11","author":"Tsyganov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2014.983990","article-title":"Improving legume nodulation and Cu rhizostabilization using a genetically modified rhizobia","volume":"36","author":"Delgadillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-965439","article-title":"Evaluation of the metal phytoextraction potential of crop legumes. Regulation of the expression of O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase under metal stress","volume":"9","author":"Pajuelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-017-3207-z","article-title":"Arsenic methylation by a genetically engineered Rhizobium-legume symbiont","volume":"416","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602013000400003","article-title":"Cisgenesis and intragenesis: New tools for improving crops","volume":"46","author":"Espinoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Checcucci, A., diCenzo, G.C., Ghini, V., Bazzicalupo, M., Beker, A., Decorosi, F., D\u00f6hlemann, J., Fagorzi, C., Finan, T.M., and Fondi, M. (2018). Creation and multi-omics charac-terization of a genomically hybrid strain in the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. bioRxiv, 296483.","DOI":"10.1101\/296483"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01184-10","article-title":"Plasmids with a chromosome-like role in rhizobia","volume":"193","author":"Landeta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"diCenzo, G.C., Benedict, A.B., Fondi, M., Walker, G.C., Finan, T.M., Mengoni, A., and Griffitts, J.S. (2018). Robustness encoded across essential and accessory replicons of the ecologically versatile bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. PLoS Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007357"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2013.01.017","article-title":"Structural and functional genomics of plasmid pSinA of Sinorhizobium sp. M14 encoding genes for the arsenite oxidation and arsenic resistance","volume":"164","author":"Drewniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705249","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.705249","article-title":"Comprehensive Mechanism of Gene Silencing and Its Role in Plant Growth and Development","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509770102","article-title":"Hyperaccumulation of arsenic in the shoots of Arabidopsis silenced for arsenate reductase (ACR2)","volume":"103","author":"Dhankher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, R., Ishimaru, Y., Shimo, H., Bashir, K., Senoura, T., Sugimoto, K., Ono, K., Suzui, N., Kawachi, N., and Ishii, S. (2014). From Laboratory to Field: OsNRAMP5-Knockdown Rice Is a Promising Candidate for Cd Phytoremediation in Paddy Fields. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098816"},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.07.083","article-title":"Bioinformatic identification and expression analysis of new microRNAs from Medicago truncatula","volume":"374","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2018.1554621","article-title":"The CRISPR\/Cas9 system and its applications in crop genome editing","volume":"39","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14832-9","article-title":"Knockout of OsNramp5 using the CRISPR\/Cas9 system produces low Cd-accumulating indica rice without compromising yield","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/5\/676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:02:12Z","timestamp":1760137332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/5\/676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":354,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biology11050676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11050676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}