{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:28:34Z","timestamp":1771460914446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARC Linkage grant","award":["LP140100428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100428"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["LP140100428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100428"]}]},{"name":"Inland Fisheries Service Tasmania","award":["LP140100428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100428"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>17\u03b1-Methyltestosterone (MT) is a synthetic steroid that has been widely used to masculinize many fish species when administered early during larval development, however, reports on its efficacy on adults is limited. To this end, this study investigated the efficacy of MT in the masculinization of the eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki) at two adult stages (maiden and repeat gravid females). The treated females were fed control or respective MT incorporated feed (0\u2013200 mg\/kg diet) for 50 days. Effects of the hormone on secondary sexual characteristics, internal gonad morphology, expression of the Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone (amh) gene and sexual behavior of the treated females were investigated. The results showed that MT at the dose of 50 mg\/kg feed stimulated secondary sexual character development, upregulated expression of amh, formation of testicular tissue and a shift in the behavior similar to those of normal males, prominently so in treated maiden gravid females. Post-treatment, long-term observations indicated that only two masculinized females reverted back to being females and gave birth to young. Induction of masculinizing effects in most individuals suggests that the sexual phenotype of this species appears to be highly plastic with potential to sex reverse at adulthood. This in combination with its small size and short reproductive cycle could provide an ideal system to explore the mechanisms of sequential hermaphroditism in fish and contribute to genetic control of this pest fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T06:23:08Z","timestamp":1651386188000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Masculinization of Adult Gambusia holbrooki: A Case of Recapitulation of Protogyny in a Gonochorist?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5831-7738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoc Kim","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, An Giang University, 18 Ung Van Khiem Street, Long Xuyen City 880000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu Nin","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7053, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Purser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jawahar G.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia"},{"name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7053, Australia"},{"name":"Inland Fisheries Services, New Norfolk, TAS 7140, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000449297","article-title":"Bending Genders: The Biology of Natural Sex Change in Fish","volume":"10","author":"Todd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. 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