{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T23:20:39Z","timestamp":1785280839777,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006255","name":"University of Concepcion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VRID-Enlace 218.036.047-1.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID-Enlace 218.036.047-1.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006255","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori protects itself from stressful environments by forming biofilms, changing its morphology, or invading eukaryotic cells, including yeast cells. There is little knowledge about the environmental factors that influence the endosymbiotic relationship between bacterium and yeasts. Here, we studied if oxygen availability stimulated the growth of H. pylori within Candida and if this was a bacterial- or yeast strain-dependent relationship. Four H. pylori strains and four Candida strains were co-cultured in Brucella broth plus 5% fetal bovine serum, and incubated under microaerobic, anaerobic, or aerobic conditions. Bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) within yeast cells (Y-BLBs) were detected by microscopy. H. pylori was identified by FISH and by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of H. pylori from total DNA extracted from Y-BLBs from H. pylori and Candida co-cultures. BLBs viability was confirmed by SYTO-9 fluorescence. Higher Y-BLB percentages were obtained under anaerobic conditions and using H. pylori J99 and C. glabrata combinations. Thus, the H. pylori\u2013Candida endosymbiotic relationship is strain dependent. The FISH and PCR results identified BLBs as intracellular H. pylori. Conclusion: Stressful conditions such as an anaerobic environment significantly increased H. pylori growth within yeast cells, where it remained viable, and the bacterium\u2013yeast endosymbiotic relationship was bacterial strain dependent with a preference for C. glabrata.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T05:10:32Z","timestamp":1652332232000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Anaerobic Environment Drives the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori within Candida Yeast Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6451-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Arellano-Arriagada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Pasteur, Concepcion 4030635, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9836-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Parra-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor L.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9898-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Silva-Mieres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"S\u00e1ez-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3802-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3909-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apolinaria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cancino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-4-407","article-title":"Comparison of the Effects of Anaerobic and Micro-Aerophilic Incubation on Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to Metronidazole","volume":"48","author":"Abdi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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