{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:30:02Z","timestamp":1791981002181,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018\u2013093938-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018\u2013093938-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0011\/0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0011\/0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S2017\/BMD-3692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2017\/BMD-3692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute","award":["RTI2018\u2013093938-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018\u2013093938-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute","award":["RD16\/0011\/0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0011\/0002"]}]},{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute","award":["S2017\/BMD-3692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2017\/BMD-3692"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of Madrid","award":["RTI2018\u2013093938-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018\u2013093938-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of Madrid","award":["RD16\/0011\/0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0011\/0002"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of Madrid","award":["S2017\/BMD-3692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2017\/BMD-3692"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last 50 years information on the fish immune system has increased importantly, particularly that on species of marked commercial interest (i.e., salmonids, cods, catfish, sea breams), that occupy a key position in the vertebrate phylogenetical tree (i.e., Agnatha, Chondrichtyes, lungfish) or represent consolidated experimental models, such as zebrafish or medaka. However, most obtained information was based on genetic sequence analysis with little or no information on the cellular basis of the immune responses. Although jawed fish contain a thymus and lympho-hematopoietic organs equivalents to mammalian bone marrow, few studies have accounted for the presumptive relationships between the organization of these cell microenvironments and the known immune capabilities of the fish immune system. In the current review, we analyze this topic providing information on: (1) The origins of T and B lymphopoiesis in Agnatha and jawed fish; (2) the remarkable organization of the thymus of teleost fish; (3) the occurrence of numerous, apparently unrelated organs housing lympho-hematopoietic progenitors and, presumably, B lymphopoiesis; (4) the existence of fish immunological memory in the absence of germinal centers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Lympho-Hematopoietic Microenvironments and Fish Immune System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Agust\u00edn G.","family":"Zapata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01608.x","article-title":"Meeting the demand for innate and adaptive immunities during evolution","volume":"62","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. 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