{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:55:12Z","timestamp":1789480512940,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3H0151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3H0151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and sleep disturbances is complicated and of increasing interest. We investigated the inflammatory and immunological consequences of EA in sleep-deprived colitis and found that dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in sleep-fragmented (SF) mice was more severe than that in mice with normal sleep. This increase in the severity of colitis was accompanied by reduced body weight, shortened colon length, and deteriorated disease activity index. DSS with SF mice presented obvious diminished intestinal tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin), elevated proinflammatory cytokines (CRP, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6), lowered melatonin and adiponectin levels, downregulated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) type 1 and 2 receptor (VPAC1, VPAC2) expression, and decreased diversity of gut bacteria. EA ameliorated colitis severity and preserved the performance of the epithelial tight junction proteins and VIP receptors, especially VPAC2. Meanwhile, the innate lymphoid cells-derived cytokines in both group 2 (IL-4, IL5, IL-9, IL-13) and group 3 (IL-22, GM-CSF) were elevated in mice colon tissue. Furthermore, dysbiosis was confirmed in the DSS group with and without SF, and EA could maintain the species diversity. Firmicutes could be restored, such as Lachnospiraceae, and Proteobacteria become rebalanced, mainly Enterobacteriaceae, after EA intervention. On the other hand, SF plays different roles in physiological and pathological conditions. In normal mice, interrupted sleep did not affect the expression of claudin-1 and occludin. But VPAC1, VPAC2, and gut microbiota diversity, including Burkholderiaceae and Rhodococcus, were opposite to mice in an inflamed state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11070962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T10:39:13Z","timestamp":1656153553000},"page":"962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Upregulations of VPAC2 and Intestinal Tight Junctions Correlate with Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electroacupuncture in Colitis Mice with Sleep Fragmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9671-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geng-Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Cheng","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7422-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueh-Hsiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105406, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsuan-Miao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1439-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren-Chin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Jung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5466-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Pang","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7915-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1580-9139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Lung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huang-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzung-Yan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000108","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. 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